Chapter 1: History and Exploration of the Ocean

Question 1

What is functional biology?

Answer 1

How organisms move, feed, reproduce and their adaptations to environments

Question 2

What is ecology?

Answer 2

How organisms interact with the environment

Question 3

What is biodiversity?

Answer 3

The amount of species and where those species live in what habitat

Question 4

History of Aristotle?

Answer 4

(384-322bc) the birth of natural history observations, earliest complete records

Question 5

History of Linnaeus?

Answer 5

(1707-1778) the systematic classification of genus species naming

Question 6

History of George Cuvier?

Answer 6

(1764-1832) phylums of organisms in groups and biostratigraphy

Question 7

Who had the first navigation of exploring the oceans and how did they do it?

Answer 7

First noted explorations by the polynesians who used stars and ocean currents. Radiations occurring around 3000BC

Question 8

Where did navigation radiate to after its first uses and what year did this occur?

Answer 8

Hawaii and Easter Island South America by 500AD

Question 9

When did seafaring occur and who built the first map with what prominent information?

Answer 9

Seaferring occurred in 1200BC with the Greeks and Ptolemy created the first map in 150AD where he was the first person to use longitude and latitude with the use of minutes and seconds

Question 10

Why was there a problem with exploring the oceans and how was it fixed? Also how did the apparatus work?

Answer 10

Latitude can be determined by sextant and stars, but longitude was an issue and a competition to create something to fix this problem resulted in H4 which is a typical clock
Apparatus worked by springs and pendulums so it was not affected by gravity

Question 11

What is a sextant?

Answer 11

Used to determine latitude and the apparatus was used at to look at the sun

Question 12

What did Edward Forbes believe? What was this the first of?

Answer 12

Edward proposed the Azoic theory that no life could life past 300 fathoms (600m)
This was the first marine hypothesis

Question 13

What did Michael Sars do?

Answer 13

He was able to describe that animals drug themselves across the ocean floor, so he disproved the Azoic theory

Question 14

What did Charles Darwin discover? What this theory called?

Answer 14

He discovered that coral reefs have subsidence where the sea floor would sink down and the coral itself would be growing allowing it to be exposed and showing
This theory is the atoll theory where volcanoes subside

Question 15

What was the challenger expedition?

Answer 15

Was a voyage in 1872-76 where organisms, currents, temps, and geology was studied and found the Marianas trench (8200m)

Question 16

What was used on the CE and what theory was refuted by this discovery?

Answer 16

Hemp rope was used to sound out the depths, sample the sea floor and used to study plankton.
The theory refuted was Bathybuis theory of Haeckel that Marine Slime created animals (it was Marine snow)

Question 17

Name 3 vessels used for sea exploration?

Answer 17

JP Tully, Knorr, and Canada Coast Guard Ship/Research Vessel

Question 18

What was used to deep sea diving, its year of creation and the depths it reached?

Answer 18

Bathyspheres from the 1930s, at first 13m, then to 760m, deepest ocean point 11,000m with Trieste

Question 19

What can studiers do to stay in the oceans for long periods of time?

Answer 19

An aquarius underwater sea lab in florida, can spend 6 weeks at a time and can do it twice due to the water pressures!

Question 20

Name 3 Remote Operated Vehicles and their depths?

Answer 20

Kaiko 1995 deepest dive 10897m, lost in 2003
ROPOS Canada, 5000m
Nereus- 9977m imploded due to pressure

Question 21

What is Neptune Canada?

Answer 21

A cable car of undersea observatory, runs near Vancouver Island and our at 100-2400m in depth