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Hematology (S) > Chapter 1: Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of cytosol?

A
  1. Homogenous
  2. Continuous
  3. Aqueous solution in cytoplasmic matrix
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2
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Macromolecular complexes composed of small and large subunit of rRNA and many accessory ribosomal PROs

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3
Q

What is the characteristic of ribosomes?

A

Found free in the cytoplasm / on the surface of RER

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4
Q

What is the fxn of ribosomes?

A

Serve as the site of PRO synthesis

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5
Q

What are the fxns of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A
  1. Synthesizes phospholipids and steroids
  2. Detoxifies drugs
  3. Stores Ca

SSD

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6
Q

What is the fxn of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

Synthesizes most membrane-bound PROs

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7
Q

What are the stages of cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis - M phase
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8
Q

What is interphase?

A

Term used for the non-mitosis stages of the cell cycle, that is, G1, S, and G2

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9
Q

What happens in mitosis - M phase?

A

2 identical daughter cells are produced, each of w/c receives 1 entire set of the DNA that was replicated during the S phase

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10
Q

What is the duration of mitosis - M phase?

A

*

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11
Q

What are the different phases of interphase?

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
  4. G0 phase
  5. C*
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12
Q

G1 phase (of interphase) is also known as what?

A

Gap 1 phase

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13
Q

What happens in G1 phase (of interphase)?

A

Cell grows rapidly and performs its cellular fxns

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14
Q

What is G1 phase (of interphase)?

A

Period of cell growth and synthesis of cmpts necessary for replication

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15
Q

What is the duration of G1 phase (of interphase)?

A

*

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16
Q

S phase (of interphase) is also known as what?

A

Synthesis phase

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17
Q

What are the events that happen in S phase (of interphase)?

A
  1. DNA is replicated
  2. An exact copy of each chromosome is produced and they pair together as sister chromatids
  3. The centrosome is also duplicated during the S stage
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18
Q

What is the duration of S phase (of interphase)?

A

*

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19
Q

G2 phase (of interphase) is also known as what?

A

Gap 2 phase

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20
Q

What are the events that happen in G2 phase (of interphase)?

A
  1. Period when the cell produces materials essential for cell division
  2. Tetraploid DNA is checked for proper replication and damage
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21
Q

What is the duration of G2 phase (of interphase)?

A

*

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22
Q

G0 phase (of interphase) is also known as what?

A

*

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23
Q

What happens in G0 phase (of interphase)?

A
  1. Cells are not active in cell cycle
  2. Some cells may enter this phase after G1 phase
  3. Normally do not re-enter the cell cycle and remain alive performing their fxn until apoptosis occurs
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24
Q

When does C* phase (of interphase) occur?

A
  1. At the end of G1 phase
  2. Before DNA replication in S phase
  3. At the end of G2 phase before M phase
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25
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Present in small #s in the BM (< 1% cells in the BM)

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26
Q

What are the types of human stem cells?

A
  1. Totipotential stem cell
  2. Pluripotential / Multipotential stem cell
  3. Unipotential stem cell

PUT

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of totipotential stem cell?

A
  1. Present in the 1st few hrs after an ovum is fertilized
  2. The most versatile type of stem cell

Most versatile because it can make all cells

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28
Q

What are the fxns of totipotential stem cell?

A
  1. Can develop into any human cell type, including development from embryo into fetus
  2. Can make all cells (eyes, brain, skin, hair, fibroblasts, and hepatologic cells)
  3. Gives rise to CFU-S and CFU-L

TOTI (/ TOTO) = nagagawa pa lahat (ng cells) kasi bata pa

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29
Q

What is the characteristic of pluripotential / multipotential stem cell?

A

Obtained from / present in the BM

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30
Q

What is the fxn of pluripotential / multipotential stem cell?

A

These cells are capable of giving rise to multiple lineages of bld cells
=> can make limited, but many cells

MULTIpotential = many, but limited

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31
Q

What are the exs of stem cells that pluripotential / multipotential stem cell can make?

A
  1. CFU-S
  2. CFU-L
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32
Q

What is the characteristic of unipotential stem cell?

A

Obtained from / present in the BM

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33
Q

What is the fxn of unipotential stem cell?

A

Gives rise to single lineage of bld cell

UNIpotential = single lineage

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34
Q

What is the example of lineage of bld cell that can be produced by unipotential stem cell?

A

RBCs

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35
Q

What can be used to identify the origin of stem cells?

A

Immunophenotypic analysis using flow cytometry

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36
Q

What are the characteristics / fxns of stem cell?

A
  1. Capable of self-renewal
  2. Give rise to differentiated progeny
  3. Able to reconstitute the hematopoietic system of a lethally irradiated host
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37
Q

What are the fates of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)?

A
  1. Self renewal
  2. Differentiation
  3. Apoptosis
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38
Q

What are the 2 types of cell death?

A
  1. Apoptosis
  2. Necrosis
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39
Q

What are the characteristics of CD 34?

A
  1. GlycoPRO
  2. Encoded on chromosome 1q
  3. Stem cell marker
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40
Q

What are the characteristics of apoptosis?

A
  1. Normal
  2. Does not cause inflammation

Does not cause inflammation = because it is normal

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41
Q

Why is there no inflammation in apoptosis?

A

Because the scenario goes this way…

Ex, the cell will rearranged into apoptotic bodies (w/c are small globules | w/c are contained -> hence, it is not scattered) -> hence, WBCs will not be triggered because there are no cell contents scattered

No cell contents scattered = no inflammation

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42
Q

What are the exs of applications of apoptosis?

A
  1. A newborn has webbed fingers -> but due to apoptosis, the webs are removed -> resulting to normal hands
  2. An individual really has tail (reason why individuals have tailbone) -> due to apoptosis, the tail is cut
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43
Q

What are the characteristics of necrosis?

A
  1. Abnormal
  2. Causes inflammation

Causes inflammation = because it is abnormal

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44
Q

Why is inflammation present in necrosis?

A

Inflammation is present due to presence of abnormality / there is something wrong that is happening

Ex: the cell is eaten by bacteria -> cell is destroyed -> the contents of the cell burst -> the organelles of the cell will be detected by the immune system (because the organelles are scattered) -> triggering the immune system to do inflammation

Cell contents are scattered = presence of inflammation

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45
Q

What are the morphological features and their corresponding usual developments of generational maturational characteristics (younger cells to mature cells)?

A
  1. General cell size (diameter): decreases w/ maturity
  2. Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio: decreases w/ maturity
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46
Q

What are the general maturational characteristics of nucleus and their corresponding usual development (younger cells to mature cells)?

A
  1. Chromatin pattern: becomes more condensed
  2. Presence of nucleoli: not visible in mature cells
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47
Q

What are the generational maturational cytoplasmic characteristics and their corresponding usual development (younger cells to mature cells)?

A
  1. Color: progresses from darker blue to lighter blue, blue-gray, / pink
  2. Granulation: progresses from no granules to non-sp to sp granules
  3. Vacuoles: increase w/ age
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48
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A
  1. Continuous, regulated process of bld cell production that includes cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation
    => since hematopoiesis is regulated (/ under control), all cells (specifically RBCs, WBCs, and PLTs) must have a normal value only (their value must not be too much / deficient)
  2. Process of bld cell production, differentiation, and development
  3. Is a collective term used to describe the process involved in the production of bld cells from HSCs w/ subsequent cellular differentiation and development (Turgeon)
  4. These processes result in the formation, development, and specialization of all of the fxnal bld cells that are released from the BM to the circulation
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49
Q

What are the characteristics of hematopoiesis?

A
  1. Consists of BM, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus
  2. Takes place in a unique microenvironment in the marrow consisting of stromal cells and extracellular matrix
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50
Q

What are the effects of too much and deficient:

  1. RBCs
  2. WBCs
  3. PLTs
A
  1. Too much: bld will be viscous -> hence, heart will have a hard time
    Deficient: will result to anemia
  2. Too much: may result to leukemia | bld may become viscous
    Deficient: will lead to infection
  3. Too much: will lead to excessive clotting -> leading to stroke
    Deficient: will result to bleeding | will result to formation of petechiae
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51
Q

What is the purpose of sleep?

A

To regenerate all cells in the body

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52
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place in fetus?

A

At various intervals in the liver, spleen, thymus, BM, and lymph nodes (at birth and continuing into adulthood)

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53
Q

In healthy adults, where is hematopoiesis primarily restricted?

A

BM

BM is only the normal site of hematopoiesis

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54
Q

Aside from BM, where can hematopoiesis also occur? Is it normal / abnormal?

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Liver

It is abnormal

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55
Q

Hematopoiesis outside the BM is called as what?

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

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56
Q

What happens in extramedullary hematopoiesis?

A

The spleen, liver, and lymph nodes revert back to producing immature bld cells as extramedullary sites in certain abnormal substances
=> this situation suggests that undifferentiated primitive bld cells are present in these areas and are able to proliferate if an appropriate stimulus is present
=> enlargement of the spleen and liver is frequently noted on physical examination

57
Q

True or False

In certain dse states, the BM is able to produce sufficient #s of hematopoietic cells, and the liver and spleen may then become the sites of extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

False, because in certain dse states, the BM is unable to produce sufficient #s of hematopoietic cells

58
Q

At what dse will extramedullary hematopoiesis occur and why does it occur in this certain dse?

A

Hemolytics anemias

Where there is increased demand placed on the BM

59
Q

In connection to extramedullary hematopoiesis, are bld cells produced in cases of aplastic anemia and leukemias?

A

No, because of the fibrotic nature of the BM / infiltration w/ malignant cells

60
Q

What are the conditions where extramedullary hematopoiesis take place?

A
  1. When BM becomes dysfxnal in cases such as:
    a. Aplastic anemia
    b. Infiltration by malignant cells
    c. Overfiltration of a cell line (leukemia)
  2. When the BM is unable to meet the demands placed on it, as in the hemolytic anemias
61
Q

What are the types of hematopoiesis?

A
  1. Primitive hematopoiesis
  2. Definitive hematopoiesis
62
Q

When does primitive hematopoiesis occur?

A

Occurs during the mesoblastic phase

63
Q

What is the characteristic of RBCs produced in primitive hematopoiesis?

A

RBCs produced in this have different type of hgb (w/c is called as embryonic hgb)

64
Q

When does definitive hematopoiesis happen?

A

Begins during the final hepatic phase and continuous through adult life

65
Q

What are the major locations of hematopoiesis?

A
  1. Yolk sac
  2. Aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region
  3. Fetal liver
  4. BM
  5. Thymus
  6. Lymphocytes: spleen and lymph nodes of the 2ndary lymphoid tissues
66
Q

What are the sites of hematopoiesis in adult bone?

A
  1. Ribs
  2. Sternum
  3. Skull
  4. Scapulae
  5. Vertebrae
  6. Pelvic bones
  7. Proximal ends of the long bones

RSVP

67
Q

What are the characteristics of Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland?

A
  1. Have high O2 affinity
    => means that they are selfish w/ O2 because they only obtain limited amt of O2
  2. They obtain O2 of the embryo from the mother (not from the environment)

Notes:
Only few O2 can pass through the inside because the embryo is present in the innermost part of the mother and because of the placenta-bld barrier -> hence, the embryo will spend the O2 wisely

68
Q

True or False

All cells are made (except lymphocytes) in the hepatic phase

A

True, hence, there are no Abs produced in the hepatic phase -> reason why reverse typing can’t be done to newborns because they don’t still have Abs

Lymphocytes (B cells | plasma cell) -> makes Abs

69
Q

What are the characteristics of primitive erythrocytes?

A
  1. Large
  2. Nucleated
70
Q

What are the embryonic hgbs that primitive erythrocytes contain?

A
  1. Gower-1
  2. Gower-2
  3. Portland
71
Q

What are the pathways of hematopoiesis?

A
  1. Erythropoiesis
  2. Granulopoiesis
  3. Megakaryopoiesis

Others:
1. Monopoiesis
=> produces monocytes

72
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

In distinct anatomical sites called erythropoietic islands

73
Q

What type of cells are produced in erythropoiesis?

A

Erythroid cells (specifically RBCs)

74
Q

Erythroid cells account for how many % of nucleated cells in normal BM?

A

5 - 38%

75
Q

What type of cells are produced in granulopoiesis?

A

Myeloid cells (specifically granulocytes)

76
Q

Myeloid cells account for how many % of the nucleated cells in normal BM?

A

23 - 85%

77
Q

In connection w/ granulopoiesis, where does neutrophils in the BM reside?

A
  1. Proliferating pool
  2. Maturation storage pool
78
Q

In relation to granulopoiesis, how many days (in average) does maturing cells spend in the proliferating pool?

A

3 - 6 days

79
Q

In relation to granulopoiesis, what does cells from the storage pool do?

A

If needed, cells from the storage pool can exit into the circulation rapidly

80
Q

In relation to granulopoiesis, how many hrs (in average) is the life span of cells (from the storage pool|w/c exit into the circulation)?

A

6 - 10 hrs

81
Q

What type of cell is produced in lymphopoiesis?

A

Lymphoid cells (specifically lymphocytes and plasma cells)

82
Q

In lymphopoiesis, where are lymphoid cells produced?

A

Lymphoid follicles

83
Q

How many % of nucleated cells in the normal BM does lymphoid cells typically account?

A

1 - 5%

84
Q

Where does megakaryopoiesis take place?

A

It takes place adjacent to the sinus endothelium

85
Q

What are the cells produced in megakaryopoiesis?

A

Megakaryocytes / PLTs

86
Q

In relation to megakaryopoiesis, how does megakaryocytes deliver PLTs?

A

Megakaryocytes protrude through the vascular wall as small cytoplasmic processes to deliver PLTs into the sinusoidal bld

87
Q

In relation to megakaryopoiesis, how long does megakaryocytes take for them to develop into PLTs?

A

~ 5 days

88
Q

What are the phases of hematopoiesis?

A
  1. Mesoblastic phase
  2. Hepatic phase
  3. Medullary / Myeloid phase

MEHEME

89
Q

Answer the ff questions regarding mesoblastic phase:

  1. Start
  2. End
  3. Site of hematopoiesis
  4. Hgb
  5. Bld cells produced / present
  6. Other notes
A
  1. 19 / 20 day of gestation
    => / 3 wks
    => w/ bld already
    => O2 is needed to supplement the developing embryo
  2. 8 - 12 wks of gestation
  3. Mesodermal cells of the yolk sac and later to AGM
  4. Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland
  5. RBCs (primitive erythroblasts)
  6. Alpha globin production begins at this phase and continues throughout life
90
Q

Answer the ff questions regarding hepatic phase:

  1. Start
  2. End
  3. Site of hematopoiesis
  4. Hgb
  5. Bld cells produced / present
  6. Other notes
A
  1. 5 - 7 gestational wk
    1.1. 4 - 5th wk of gestation
    1.2. 5 - 6th wk of gestation
    1.3. Peak: 3rd month of fetal life
    2.1 - 2 wks
  2. Main: liver
    Minor: spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes
  3. Hb F (major), Hb A1, and Hb A2
  4. RBC, erythroblasts, granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes / PLTs
  5. N/A

HEPAtic phase = liver

91
Q

Answer the ff questions regarding medullary / myeloid phase:

  1. Start
  2. End
  3. Site of hematopoiesis
  4. Hgb
  5. Bld cells produced / present
  6. Other notes
A
  1. 5th month of gestation
  2. Lifetime
  3. BM
  4. Hgb A1 (major | > 95%), Hgb A2, and Hgb F
  5. All bld cells
  6. N/A
92
Q

What are the different hematopoietic hormones?

A
  1. Thrombopoietin (TPO)
  2. Erythropoietin (EPO)
93
Q

TPO is also known as what?

A

mpl kit ligand

94
Q

Where is TPO synthesized?

A

Liver

95
Q

EPO is primarily produced by what?

A

Kidneys (85 - 90%) and liver (10 - 15%)

96
Q

What is the primary source of EPO in the newborn?

A

Liver

97
Q

What is the MW of EPO?

A

34,000 Daltons / 34 kD

98
Q

Where is EPO produced?

A

Renal peritubular interstitial cells / renal tubular cells

99
Q

What are the fxns of EPO?

A
  1. Prevents the apoptosis of erythroid precursors
  2. Induces hgb synthesis and serves as differentiation factor causing the CFU-E to differentiate to pronormoblasts
100
Q

What is the 1st human hematopoietic growth factor to be identified?

A

EPO

101
Q

On what chromosome is EPO encoded?

A

Chromosome 7

102
Q

What is the flow of stem cell maturation?

A

All stem cells starts w/ HSC -> HSC differentiates into colony forming unit-lymph (CFU-L) and colony forming unit-spleen (CFU-S: also known as CFU-GEMM)

CFU-L differentiates into colony forming unit-thymus (CFU-T) and colony forming unit-bone marrow (CFU-B) -> cells produced by CFU-T will mature in the thymus | cells produced by CFU-B will mature in the BM -> thymus gives rise to T-cell | BM gives rise to B-cell

CFU-S differentiates to colony forming unit-granulocyte monocyte (CFU-GM), burst forming unit-erythrocyte (BFU-E), and colony forming unit-megakaryocytic (CFU-MEG) -> CFU-GM differentiates to CFU-G and CFU-Mo

BFU-E differentiates to CFU-E

CFU-G + CFU-Mo + CFU-E + CFU-Meg = CFU-GEMM

CFU-G matures / differentiates into basophil, eosinophil, and neutrophil

CFU-Mo differentiates into monocyte

CFU-E (under the influence of the hormone EPO differentiates into RBC [if EPO is absent -> CFU-E will undergo apoptosis])

CFU-Meg (under the influence of TPO) differentiates into PLT -> PLT shedding will occur

103
Q

What is the sequence of gestation and how is it related to mesoblastic phase?

A

All egg cells (all dormant) that will be produced until lifetime are present in both ovaries (present from birth) -> only 1 egg cell will become mature after 1st menstruation (every menstrual cycle, only 1 egg cell matures | maturation occurs in both ovaries -> every time an egg cell mature, it goes out to the fimbriae -> the mature egg cell waits for the sperm cell in the fimbriae, w/c is called as ovulation: ovulation is the time when the female is in heat) -> when dormant egg cells are exhausted, it’s called as menopause -> once sperm passed through and goes to the ovaries, when sperm and egg cell met, it’s called as fertilization -> if the egg cell is fertilized, formation of embryo will occur -> the embryo will roll to the fallopian tube -> the embryo must implant / settle in the uterus (however, sometimes, the embryo does not implant in the uterus because sometimes they implant early in the fallopian tube, w/c is called as ectopic pregnancy [w/c is abnormal -> hence, baby will not be born] -> ectopic pregnancy must be terminated)

When the fertilization occurred, it will divide into 2, 4, 8, 16, and so on cell stage -> w/c will look like berry / morula cell: morulla cell rolls towards the uterus w/c is also its location for it to implant (reason why uterus is called as ‘bahay bata’ because the uterus is the site where it will be supplemented w/ nutrients) -> in 19 – 20 days, bld (that already has RBC: this RBC is called as primitive erythroblast: because the RBCs present have hgb: the hgb contains Gower 1, Gower 2, and Portland) is already formed

The site in the uterus where the embryo is implanted has 3 layers such as endoderm (w/c will soon be the internal organs such as the heart | w/c is the inner layer), mesoderm (w/c are the future organs | middle layer), and ectoderm (w/c are the future skin and brain | w/c is the outer layer) -> the developing embryo needs O2 w/c will come from the uterus w/c is specifically called as placenta-bld barrier: placenta-bld barrier is where all the nutrients (such as O2 and CO2 | GLU and other nutrients of the mother will only pass through inside the barrier, but the cells and Abs [only IgG can pass through inside this barrier] can’t pass through inside the barrier) can diffuse in this barrier (there are no cells that can pass through inside the embryo of baby due to the presence of this barrier)

In 19 – 20 days, this is called as the mesoblastic phase: reason why if the female had undergone miscarriage, the Dr. can determine how many wks is the pt’s miscarriage: if the fetus obtained from the female pt already has bld, the pt’s pregnancy is already 3 – 4 wks because bld is already present

104
Q

What are the adult hematopoietic tissues?

A
  1. BM
  2. Liver
  3. Spleen
  4. Lymph node
  5. Thymus
  6. Kidney
105
Q

What are the characteristics of BM?

A
  1. Major hematopoietic organ
  2. A primary lymphoid tissue
  3. 1 of the body’s largest organs
  4. Represents approx 3.5 - 6% of total body weight
  5. Averages 1,500 g in adults
  6. Consists of hematopoietic cells (erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid, and megakaryocyte), fat (adipose tissue), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and stroma)
106
Q

What are the 2 types of BM?

A
  1. Red BM
  2. Yellow BM
107
Q

What is the predominant cell in BM?

A

Metamyelocyte (juvenile)

108
Q

During infancy and early adulthood, all the bones in the body contain what type of BM?

A

Red marrow

109
Q

What happens to individuals that are between 5 - 7 yo?

A

Adipocytes become more abundant and begin to occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by active marrow

110
Q

True or False

Hematopoietically inactive yellow marrow is scattered throughout the red marrow so that in adults, there is approx. equal amts of red and yellow marrow in these areas

A

True

111
Q

Is yellow BM capable of reverting back to active marrow? If yes, in what cases?

A

Yes, in cases of increased demand on the BM (such as in excessive bld loss / hemolysis)

112
Q

What is liver?

A
  1. Main site of hematopoiesis during the hepatic phase
  2. Main site of production of TPO
113
Q

Impt info regarding liver pathophysiology

A
  1. The liver is often involved in bld-related dses
  2. In porphyrias, hereditary / acquired defects in the enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis result in the accumulation of the various intermediary porphyrins that damage hepatocytes, erythrocyte precursors, and other tissues
  3. In severe hemolytic anemias, the liver increases the conjugation of bilirubin and the storage of Fe
  4. The liver sequesters membrane-damaged RBCs and removes them from the circulation
  5. The liver can maintain hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to produce various bld cells (called extramedullary hematopoiesis) as a response to infectious agents / in pathologic myelofibrosis of the BM
114
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

115
Q

What are the fxns of spleen?

A
  1. Filters the circulating bld
  2. Stores 1/3 of PLT
116
Q

What are the fxns of lymph node?

A
  1. Play a role in the formation of new lymphocytes from the germinal centers
  2. Involved in the processing of sp Igs
  3. Filter particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph
117
Q

Where is the maturation site of T-lymphocyte?

A

Thymus

118
Q

What is the 1st fully developed organ in fetus?

A

Thymus

119
Q

What is the fxn of kidney?

A

Secretes EPO to stimulate erythropoiesis

120
Q

What are the characteristics of red BM?

A
  1. Color red
    => because it is hematopoietically active marrow -> hence, bld cell production happens here
  2. Present at the end of BM
    => site where bld cells are produced | bld cells are not produced in the middle
  3. Consists of developing bld cells and their progenitors
  4. By age 18, found only in the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull bones, pelvis, proximal epiphyses of femur and humerus
121
Q

What is yellow BM?

A

Hematopoietically inactive marrow
=> only composed of fats (w/c are stored energy | w/c are used by the body as a source of energy if an individual does not eat | fats of the BM can’t be burned, instead, the 1st fats to be burned are those that are present in the liver: reason why if an individual [who is thin before] eats many foods and drinks many beers [w/c has molts: molts are sugar -> w/c becomes glycogen if stored -> and too much glycogen becomes fats], his/her liver will get fat 1st [specifically called as fatty liver])

122
Q

What are the characteristics of yellow BM?

A
  1. Composed primarily of adipocytes (fat cells), w/ undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophages
  2. Also composed of stromal cells
    => stromal cells: supporting structures only
  3. Under physiological stress, it will revert back to active red marrow
    => reversion will happen if pt has anemia: because the body will respond to anemia
123
Q

What are fats?

A

Long term storage of CHOs

Opposite of glycogen

124
Q

What are glycogen?

A

Short term storage of CHOs

Opposite of fats

125
Q

Explain what happens in diet in relation to fats and glycogen

A

In diet, the 1st that are burned are the available GLU (w/c are sugar present in the bld | w/c are 1st used by the body if diet is being done) -> hence, GLU lvls in the bld will decrease -> then, after consumption of GLU present in the bld, glycogen (w/c are GLU that are stored in the muscles) in the muscles will be the next to be consumed -> then, after consumption of glycogen, will be next to be consumed -> if diet is done excessively, muscles (/ PROs) will be the next ones to be consumed (reason of being malnourished

126
Q

True or False

During infancy and early adulthood, all the bones in the body contain primarily red (active) marrow

A

True

127
Q

True or False

Between 5 and 7 yo, adipocytes become more abundant and begin to occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by active marrow

A

True

128
Q

True or False

Hematopoietically inactive yellow marrow is scattered throughout the red marrow so that in adults, there is approx equal amts of red and yellow marrow in these areas

A

True

129
Q

True or False

Yellow marrow is incapable of reverting back to active marrow in cases of increased demand on the BM, such as in excessive bld loss / hemolysis

A

False, because yellow marrow is capable of reverting back to active marrow in cases of increased demand on the BM, such as in excessive bld loss / hemolysis

130
Q

What is the occurrence of BM to individuals that are < 18 yo?

A

Red BM > yellow BM
=> red BM is > yellow BM in individuals that are < 18 yo because red BM contains RBCs: meaning, RBCs fxn is to deliver O2 (many RBCs = many O2 = resulting to addition of cells -> if many cells are present, there is a high demand of O2 [reason why babies grow big fast because of addition of cells] -> hence, red BM is needed)

131
Q

What is the occurrence of BM to individuals that are 18 yo?

A

Red BM = yellow BM
=> 50% each

132
Q

What is the occurrence of BM to individuals that are > 18 yo?

A

Yellow BM > red BM
=> meaning, individuals that are > 18 yo are already in the declining phase where the cells are slowly declining: reason why individuals who are really old, they become smaller in height

133
Q

What is retrogression?

A
  1. Term called if red BM that becomes yellow BM (there is no terminology for yellow BM that becomes red BM)
  2. Process of replacing the active marrow by adipocytes (yellow marrow) during development
134
Q

Retrogression results in what?

A

Results in restriction of the active marrow in the adult to the sternum, vertebrae, scapulae, pelvis, ribs, skull, proximal portion of the long bones

135
Q

The process of formation and development of bld cells is termed what?

A

Hematopoiesis

136
Q

During midfetal life, the primary source of bld cells is what?

A

BM
=> pregnancy = 9 mos (w/c is divided into 3, reason why it is called as trimester: 1 trimester = 3 mos | / pregnancy is divided into 3)
=> 3 phases of hematopoiesis: mesoblastic phase, hepatic phase, and myeloid / medullary phase
=> mesoblastic phase: starts in 19 – 20 days
=> hepatic phase: 1 – 2 mos
=> medullary phase: approx 5 mos
=> half of 9 mos is 4.5 mos (midfetal life)  hence, best answer is BM

137
Q

What cell is not a product of the CFU-GEMM?

A

Lymphocyte
=> HSC differentiates into CFU-L and CFU-S (w/c is also called as CFU-GEMM)

138
Q

W/c of the following hematopoietic growth factors is produced in the kidney?

A

EPO

Hematology (S) (5 decks)

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