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Geography > Chapter 1 Geography Basics > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Geography Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

Globalization Definition

A

increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging economic, political, and cultural activities

most fundamental reorganization of the world’s socioeconomic structure

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2
Q

Geography Definition

A
  • “describing the Earth”
  • spatial space that describes and explains the physical and cultural phenomena on Earth’s surface
  • interrelated set of principles used to study the earth and humanity (countering climate change requires input from both physical and human sciences)
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3
Q

Physical Geography examples

A

Climate, landforms, soils, vegetation across space

-aligned with natural sciences

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4
Q

Human Geography examples

A

Spatial analysis of economics, social systems, cultures

-aligned with social sciences; it deals with the human setttlment of the earth, its peoples, settlement patterns, cultures, econmies, social systems and interactions with the environment across space and at different scales

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5
Q

What kind of map is this? and definition, examples

A

Choropleth map: color shades represent different data values, with darker shades generally showing larger, average values

*Per capita income and population density are often represented by these maps, with data divided into categories and then mapped by spatial units such as coutnries, provinces, countries, or neighboorhoods

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6
Q

Thematic map examples

A

Displays data such as religious affiliations or popular attractions in a city

*Choropleth is a type of thematic map

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7
Q

What type of map is this

A

Thematic map

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8
Q

List the 5 themes of Geography

A
  1. Environmental Geography
  2. Population and Settlement
  3. Cultural Coherence and Diversity
  4. Geopolitical Framework
  5. Economic and Social Development
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9
Q

Environmental Geography

A

physical geography of a region and current environmental issues

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10
Q

Population and Settlement definition/consists of

A

demography, migration, land use, and settlement of regions

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11
Q

Cultural Coherence and Diversity

A

geography of language and religion, including popular culture and ongoing tensions

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12
Q

Geopolitical Framework

A

political geography of a region

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13
Q

Economic and Social Development

A

economic framework and social development

(health, education, gender)

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14
Q

What are fundamental to human settlement?

A

physical and environmental elements

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15
Q

What are some environmental constraints that affect human settlement?

A

poor soil, natural resources (oil)

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16
Q

Demography definiton

A

statisitcal study of populations such as births, deaths, income or the incidence of disease, which illustrate a changing structure of human populations

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17
Q

Where are most ppl located

A

east asia eg china

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18
Q

Where will population growth occur

A

poor countries with less education, less resources (plan B, birth control),

eg South Asia, Subharan Africa

india and nigeria

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19
Q

what is the population on earth

A

7.5 billion ppl

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20
Q

Purpose of Population and Settlement

A

concepts and metrics used document changes in global population and settlement patterns

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21
Q

Examples of population indicators

A

population density, fertility, RNI, net migration, % urbanized, % less than age 15

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22
Q

RNI (stands for); definition; what it does not consider

A

rate of natural increase

*B>D = +

B<d></d>

<p>births per yer-deaths per year</p>

<p>= \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_</p>

<p>population</p>

<p>-used to express natural population growth per year for a country, a region, or the world, based on the difference between birthrates and death rates</p>

<p>DOES NOT CONSIDER POPULATION CHANGE FROM MIGRATION</p>

<p> </p>

</d>

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23
Q

Fertility rate

A

the number of live births in women over a specific length of time; generally expressed as the number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 in a calende yr

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24
Q

Population Density

A

PER SQUARE KILOMETER

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25
Q

Population pyramids

A

structure of a population measuring the percentage of young and old, represented graphically as a pyramid-shaped graph; this graph plots the percentage of all different age groups along a vertical axis that divides the population into male and female

*AGE AND GENDER STRUCTURE OF POPULATIONS

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26
Q

Broad base and narrow tip indicates what time of population pyramid

A

this is a country with more young ppl than old, this forecasting rapid population growht

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27
Q

top heavy indicates what type of population pyramid

A

slow-growth or no groth populations; larger numbers of seniors than younger age classes

28
Q

What type of growth, graph, and example of this

A

rapid growth; nigeria; population pyramid

*percentage < age 15 (indicates population growth)

29
Q

what type of growth, graph, and example

A

slow growth; united states; population pyramid

30
Q

what type of growth, graph, and example

A

negative growth, population pyramid, germany

31
Q

a developed country shows what kind of growth

A

slow or negative growth

32
Q

new developing country shows what kind of growth

A

RAPID GROWTH

33
Q

Demographic transition model definition

A

five-stage model of population change derived from the historical decline of the natural rate of increase (RNI) as a population becomes increasingly urbanized though industralization and economic development

34
Q

_____ and _____ lead to declinign population growth rates

A

industrialization and urbanization

35
Q

List the 5 stages in the demographic model and a description

A

1) pre industrial

high end waves BR

high end steady DR (Striaght through BR)

low waves in total population

access to public health services

2) transitional

steady BR

significant decline in DR

gradual increase in total population

access to public health services

3) transitional

significant decline in BR

steady low end DR

gradual increase for total population

smaller families in urban setting

4) industrial

low end waves of BR

steady low end DR

roughly pleateau in total populaion in high end

popoulation reaches new equilibrium

5) Post-industrial

decline in BR on low end

decline in DR on low end

slight decline in total population on high end

some highly urbanized nations have negative RNI

36
Q

Migration def, why

A

People living outside their country of origin

Why?

  • to participate in a globalized economy (industry, oil, mining, tourism)
  • war
  • presecution
  • famine
  • environmental degradation
37
Q

what are the main factors that control whether population is growing or declining in a country

A

RNI + NET MIGRATION = POPULATION GROWTH OR DECLINE

*remember RNI = birth rate- death rate

38
Q

Culture definition

A

learned behavior; way of life shared by a group of ppl

-culture is abstract (religion, speech, ideology, livelihood, value systems) and material (technology, housing, foods, dress, music, sports)

39
Q

Cultural Syncretism/Hybridization

A

blending to form syncretisic cultural forms by interactions between cultures; blending of two or more cultures, which produces a synergisitc third culture that exhibits traits from all cultural parents

40
Q

Language often defines…

A

cultural groups

41
Q

Lingua Franca

A

common tongue; eg Bahasa Indonesia is the offical language in indonesia; an agreed upon common language to facilitate communication on specific topics

eg pidgin

42
Q

Universalizing vs Ethnic Religions

A

An universalizing religion attempt to be global, appeal to all ppl rather than just a group of ppl

eg islam, buddhism

ethnic religion appeals primary to one group of ppl living in one place; what you are born into

eg hinduism, judism

43
Q

globalization is causing…

A

signficant changes in traditional gender roles

44
Q

Geopolitics

A

describes the close link between politics and geography

*interactiivty between political power and territory

45
Q

Sovereignty

A

govts ability to control activites within its borders

46
Q

nation state definiton and examples

A

nation: large group of ppl with shared sociocultural traits
state: poltical entites with territorial boundaries

US is not an example, france is

47
Q

Revloutions

A

evolved from cultural conflicts related to globalization

48
Q

Terrorism

A

used to challenge a centralized political state or authority

49
Q

Economic and social devlopment: development indicators

A

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and gender inequality index

50
Q

GDP

A

value of all goods and services produced within a countrys borders

51
Q

Gender inequality index (GNI)

A

relative position of women and men in terms of jobs, power and health

52
Q

Pros of Globalization

A

“benefits all nations and people”

speads democracy

allows them to specialize

competition allows creativity

opens up investment opportunities in poorer areas

encourages flow of ideas and technology

*involves a lot of trade; political influence tends to expand

53
Q

Cons of Globalization

A

“only benefits the wealthy/strong”

  • increases the disparity between the rich and poor
  • encourages unsustainable practices and environmentally destructive activities

extremely unstable in terms of economics

*local foods more expensive

54
Q

Neocolonialism

A

a post-colonial world where sovereign nations continue to be exploited economically, socially, and environmentally

55
Q

Glocalization

A

global ideologies adapted to local cultures; process of modifying an introduced product or services to accommodate local tastes or cultural practices

56
Q

net migration rate

A

statisitc that decpicts whether more ppl are entering or leaving a country through migration per year

57
Q

urbanization

A

process of ppl moving to and residing in citie; higher rates of urbanization in a cuontry is often associated with greater levels of industrialization and economic development

58
Q

cultural assimilation

A

process in which immigrants are culturally absorbed into the larger host society

59
Q

decentralization

A

process of distributing or dispersing functions, powers, ppl, or things away from a central locaiton or authority

60
Q

Colonialism

A

formal, established (mainly historical) rule over local ppls by a larger imperalist govt for the expansion of political and economic empire

61
Q

GNI

A

gross national income; GDP + net income from abroad (GNP)

62
Q

freedom rating

A

lower # means more free

63
Q

if the overall net migration is negative than postive, then…

A

there is more emigartion than immigration

64
Q

HDI

A

human development index

for the past three decades, the United NAtions has tracked social dvleopment in the world’s countries through HDI, which combines data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equitiy, income

65
Q

Emigration

A

means to leaves one’s ocuntry to live in another

66
Q

immigration

A

to come into another country to live permanently

Geography (15 decks)

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