Chapter 1 Geography Basics Flashcards
Globalization Definition
increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging economic, political, and cultural activities
most fundamental reorganization of the world’s socioeconomic structure
Geography Definition
- “describing the Earth”
- spatial space that describes and explains the physical and cultural phenomena on Earth’s surface
- interrelated set of principles used to study the earth and humanity (countering climate change requires input from both physical and human sciences)
Physical Geography examples
Climate, landforms, soils, vegetation across space
-aligned with natural sciences
Human Geography examples
Spatial analysis of economics, social systems, cultures
-aligned with social sciences; it deals with the human setttlment of the earth, its peoples, settlement patterns, cultures, econmies, social systems and interactions with the environment across space and at different scales
What kind of map is this? and definition, examples
Choropleth map: color shades represent different data values, with darker shades generally showing larger, average values
*Per capita income and population density are often represented by these maps, with data divided into categories and then mapped by spatial units such as coutnries, provinces, countries, or neighboorhoods
Thematic map examples
Displays data such as religious affiliations or popular attractions in a city
*Choropleth is a type of thematic map
What type of map is this
Thematic map
List the 5 themes of Geography
- Environmental Geography
- Population and Settlement
- Cultural Coherence and Diversity
- Geopolitical Framework
- Economic and Social Development
Environmental Geography
physical geography of a region and current environmental issues
Population and Settlement definition/consists of
demography, migration, land use, and settlement of regions
Cultural Coherence and Diversity
geography of language and religion, including popular culture and ongoing tensions
Geopolitical Framework
political geography of a region
Economic and Social Development
economic framework and social development
(health, education, gender)
What are fundamental to human settlement?
physical and environmental elements
What are some environmental constraints that affect human settlement?
poor soil, natural resources (oil)
Demography definiton
statisitcal study of populations such as births, deaths, income or the incidence of disease, which illustrate a changing structure of human populations
Where are most ppl located
east asia eg china
Where will population growth occur
poor countries with less education, less resources (plan B, birth control),
eg South Asia, Subharan Africa
india and nigeria
what is the population on earth
7.5 billion ppl
Purpose of Population and Settlement
concepts and metrics used document changes in global population and settlement patterns
Examples of population indicators
population density, fertility, RNI, net migration, % urbanized, % less than age 15
RNI (stands for); definition; what it does not consider
rate of natural increase
*B>D = +
B<d></d>
<p>births per yer-deaths per year</p>
<p>= \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_</p>
<p>population</p>
<p>-used to express natural population growth per year for a country, a region, or the world, based on the difference between birthrates and death rates</p>
<p>DOES NOT CONSIDER POPULATION CHANGE FROM MIGRATION</p>
<p> </p>
</d>
Fertility rate
the number of live births in women over a specific length of time; generally expressed as the number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 in a calende yr
Population Density
PER SQUARE KILOMETER
Population pyramids
structure of a population measuring the percentage of young and old, represented graphically as a pyramid-shaped graph; this graph plots the percentage of all different age groups along a vertical axis that divides the population into male and female
*AGE AND GENDER STRUCTURE OF POPULATIONS
Broad base and narrow tip indicates what time of population pyramid
this is a country with more young ppl than old, this forecasting rapid population growht
top heavy indicates what type of population pyramid
slow-growth or no groth populations; larger numbers of seniors than younger age classes
What type of growth, graph, and example of this
rapid growth; nigeria; population pyramid
*percentage < age 15 (indicates population growth)
what type of growth, graph, and example
slow growth; united states; population pyramid
what type of growth, graph, and example
negative growth, population pyramid, germany
a developed country shows what kind of growth
slow or negative growth
new developing country shows what kind of growth
RAPID GROWTH
Demographic transition model definition
five-stage model of population change derived from the historical decline of the natural rate of increase (RNI) as a population becomes increasingly urbanized though industralization and economic development
_____ and _____ lead to declinign population growth rates
industrialization and urbanization
List the 5 stages in the demographic model and a description
1) pre industrial
high end waves BR
high end steady DR (Striaght through BR)
low waves in total population
access to public health services
2) transitional
steady BR
significant decline in DR
gradual increase in total population
access to public health services
3) transitional
significant decline in BR
steady low end DR
gradual increase for total population
smaller families in urban setting
4) industrial
low end waves of BR
steady low end DR
roughly pleateau in total populaion in high end
popoulation reaches new equilibrium
5) Post-industrial
decline in BR on low end
decline in DR on low end
slight decline in total population on high end
some highly urbanized nations have negative RNI
Migration def, why
People living outside their country of origin
Why?
- to participate in a globalized economy (industry, oil, mining, tourism)
- war
- presecution
- famine
- environmental degradation
what are the main factors that control whether population is growing or declining in a country
RNI + NET MIGRATION = POPULATION GROWTH OR DECLINE
*remember RNI = birth rate- death rate
Culture definition
learned behavior; way of life shared by a group of ppl
-culture is abstract (religion, speech, ideology, livelihood, value systems) and material (technology, housing, foods, dress, music, sports)
Cultural Syncretism/Hybridization
blending to form syncretisic cultural forms by interactions between cultures; blending of two or more cultures, which produces a synergisitc third culture that exhibits traits from all cultural parents
Language often defines…
cultural groups
Lingua Franca
common tongue; eg Bahasa Indonesia is the offical language in indonesia; an agreed upon common language to facilitate communication on specific topics
eg pidgin
Universalizing vs Ethnic Religions
An universalizing religion attempt to be global, appeal to all ppl rather than just a group of ppl
eg islam, buddhism
ethnic religion appeals primary to one group of ppl living in one place; what you are born into
eg hinduism, judism
globalization is causing…
signficant changes in traditional gender roles
Geopolitics
describes the close link between politics and geography
*interactiivty between political power and territory
Sovereignty
govts ability to control activites within its borders
nation state definiton and examples
nation: large group of ppl with shared sociocultural traits
state: poltical entites with territorial boundaries
US is not an example, france is
Revloutions
evolved from cultural conflicts related to globalization
Terrorism
used to challenge a centralized political state or authority
Economic and social devlopment: development indicators
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and gender inequality index
GDP
value of all goods and services produced within a countrys borders
Gender inequality index (GNI)
relative position of women and men in terms of jobs, power and health
Pros of Globalization
“benefits all nations and people”
speads democracy
allows them to specialize
competition allows creativity
opens up investment opportunities in poorer areas
encourages flow of ideas and technology
*involves a lot of trade; political influence tends to expand
Cons of Globalization
“only benefits the wealthy/strong”
- increases the disparity between the rich and poor
- encourages unsustainable practices and environmentally destructive activities
extremely unstable in terms of economics
*local foods more expensive
Neocolonialism
a post-colonial world where sovereign nations continue to be exploited economically, socially, and environmentally
Glocalization
global ideologies adapted to local cultures; process of modifying an introduced product or services to accommodate local tastes or cultural practices
net migration rate
statisitc that decpicts whether more ppl are entering or leaving a country through migration per year
urbanization
process of ppl moving to and residing in citie; higher rates of urbanization in a cuontry is often associated with greater levels of industrialization and economic development
cultural assimilation
process in which immigrants are culturally absorbed into the larger host society
decentralization
process of distributing or dispersing functions, powers, ppl, or things away from a central locaiton or authority
Colonialism
formal, established (mainly historical) rule over local ppls by a larger imperalist govt for the expansion of political and economic empire
GNI
gross national income; GDP + net income from abroad (GNP)
freedom rating
lower # means more free
if the overall net migration is negative than postive, then…
there is more emigartion than immigration
HDI
human development index
for the past three decades, the United NAtions has tracked social dvleopment in the world’s countries through HDI, which combines data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equitiy, income
Emigration
means to leaves one’s ocuntry to live in another
immigration
to come into another country to live permanently
