Chapter 1 Genetics Flashcards
What is a homunculus?
Question 1 Answer
a.
when the mitochondrion grows in size before splitting into two via fission
b.
during development sometimes a growing individual’s cell can become mutated and one part of the child has different characteristics than the other
c.
the intermediate stage of the DNA after CRISPR-Cas treatment
d.
a large cyst or growth on a plant due to viral infection
e.
a sperm or egg containing a miniature adult, perfect in size and proportion
a sperm or egg containing a miniature adult, perfect in size and proportion
A fundamental property of DNA’s nitrogenous bases that is necessary for the double-stranded nature of its structure is ________.
Question 2 Answer
a.
deoxyribose versus ribose
b.
sugar phosphate backbone
c.
anti-parallel
d.
complementarity
e.
ring structure
complementarity
What would happen if, during meiosis, the chromosome number was not halved before egg and sperm formation?
Question 3 Answer
a.
in each successive generation, the offspring would double their chromosome number
b.
each offspring would have different phenotypes than their parents
c.
n would become halved
d.
the spindle would be compromised
e.
nothing
in each successive generation, the offspring would double their chromosome number
The functional unit of heredity is a _______.
Question 4 Answer
a.
nucleotide
b.
chromosome
c.
protein
d.
gene
e.
zygote
gene
Which of the following is an example of heredity?
Question 5 Answer
a.
Doberman pinschers and boxers have similar body shapes.
b.
Flying squirrels have a different mechanism of flight than mosquitos.
c.
Dalmation dogs all have spots.
d.
Flies and molluscs both have eyes.
e.
Both moths and birds have wings and can fly.
Dalmation dogs all have spots.
The study of the set of proteins present in a cell is referred to as _______.
Question 6 Answer
a.
genomics
b.
proteomics
c.
gene therapy
d.
bioinformatics
e.
protein Crystallography
proteomics
The phenotype of an organism is _______.
Question 7 Answer
a.
the genetic variation in a species
b.
the set of alleles for a trait
c.
the observed features of an organism
d.
the number of chromosomes characteristic for a species
e.
the haploid number of chromosomes.
the observed features of an organism
What is the term given to the theory that put forth the idea that living organisms could arise by incubating nonliving components?
Question 8 Answer
a.
collective combination
b.
preformation
c.
evolution
d.
spontaneous generation
e.
natural selection
spontaneous generation
A ________ is an organism produced by biotechnology that involves the transfer of hereditary traits across species.
Question 9 Answer
a.
transgenic organism
b.
frankenfood
c.
vector
d.
mutant
e.
clone
transgenic organism
Organisms that are well understood from a scientific standpoint and are often used in basic biological research are often called ________.
Question 10 Answer
a.
model organisms
b.
restriction enzymes
c.
clones
d.
vectors
e.
recombinant DNA technology
model organisms
Early in the twentieth century, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri noted that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during gamete formation. They proposed that genes are carried on chromosomes, which led to the basis of the ________.
Question 11 Answer
a.
First Law of Thermodynamics
b.
Law of Independent Assortment
c.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
d.
Law of Segregation
e.
Chromosomal Maintenance Theory
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
Question 12 Answer
a.
a bird’s beak is able to effectively crack the seeds it encounters
b.
bacteria can be effectively killed by treatment with bleach
c.
depending on the food a turtle eats, it shell may grow faster or slower
d.
human beings develop freckles from being out in the sun
e.
sometime during human’s life they break a bone and it heals
bird’s beak is able to effectively crack the seeds it encounters
The ________ consists of a linear series of three adjacent nucleotides present in mRNA molecules.
Question 13 Answer
a.
WatsonCrick base pairing
b.
chromosomal theory of inheritance
c.
law of segregation
d.
genetic code
e.
messenger RNA
genetic code
What is a gene mutation?
Question 14 Answer
a.
a change in DNA that leads to death
b.
an inherited changed in DNA sequence that is always bad for an organism
c.
an inherited change in DNA sequences that is the source of all genetic variation
d.
the source of all genetic variation
e.
an inherited change in a DNA sequence
the source of all genetic variation
What term is applied to a variety of projects whereby genome sequences are deposited in databases for research purposes?
Question 15 Answer
a.
proteomics
b.
genomics
c.
cloning
d.
genetics
e.
bioinformatics
genomics
In the 1600s, William Harvey studied reproduction and development. What is the term given to the theory which states that an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmental events that lead to an adult?
Question 16 Answer
a.
epigenesis
b.
sequential pattern formation
c.
equational transformation
d.
preformation
e.
transduction
epigenesis
What is the function of mRNA in the central dogma of molecular genetics?
Question 17 Answer
a.
To remove introns from pre-mRNA
b.
To carry amino acids to ribosomes
c.
To provide a template for protein synthesis
d.
To remove exons from pre-mRNA
e.
To provide a template for DNA synthesis
To provide a template for protein synthesis
How is genetic information encoded in a DNA molecule?
Question 18 Answer
a.
Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the sequence of bases.
b.
Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the amounts of different bases.
c.
Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the sequence of bases and amino acids.
d.
Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the amounts of different amino acids.
e.
Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the sequence of amino acids.
Genetic information is encoded in DNA by the sequence of bases.
What represents an organism’s genome?
Question 19 Answer
a.
a catalog of mutations in a cell
b.
all the protein in a cell
c.
an organism’s genome can be defined as the complete haploid nuclear DNA content of an organism.
d.
the nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs
e.
all the RNA in a cell
an organism’s genome can be defined as the complete haploid nuclear DNA content of an organism.
Name the substance that serves as the hereditary material in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Question 20 Answer
a.
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid
b.
lipid
c.
protein
d.
carbohydrate
e.
RNA or ribonucleic acid
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid
What is another term for a biological catalyst?
Question 21 Answer
a.
lipid
b.
ribosome
c.
enzyme
d.
codon
e.
protein
enzyme
Genetics is the study of ________.
Question 22 Answer
a.
mutation and recession
b.
transcription and translation
c.
replication and recombination
d.
diploid and haploid
e.
inheritance and variation
inheritance and variation
Which one, of the following, is not a desirable quality for a Model organism?
Question 23 Answer
a.
long life span
b.
ease of growth
c.
common genetic mechanisms with other organisms
d.
production of many offspring
e.
short life span
long life span
Which of the following is the subdiscipline of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation at the molecular, cellular, developmental, organismal, and populational levels?
Question 24 Answer
a.
cell biology
b.
biochemistry
c.
cytogenetics
d.
genetics
e.
molecular biology
genetics
Recombinant DNA technology is dependent on a particular class of enzymes, known as ________ that cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.
Question 25 Answer
a.
clones
b.
recombinant DNA technology
c.
restriction enzymes
d.
vectors
e.
genomes
restriction enzymes
Reference is often made to adapter molecules when describing protein synthesis in that they allow amino acids to associate with nucleic acids. To what class of molecules does this term refer?
Question 26 Answer
a.
DNA
b.
amino acids
c.
mRNA
d.
tRNA
e.
protein
tRNA
Who, along with Alfred Wallace, formulated the theory of natural selection?
Question 27 Answer
a.
James Watson
b.
Charles Darwin
c.
Louis Pasteur
d.
Gregor Mendel
e.
William Harvey
Charles Darwin
What is the term given to the theory which states that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult?
Question 28 Answer
a.
transformation
b.
preformation
c.
cell theory
d.
transduction
e.
conjugation
preformation
Who was the Augustinian monk that conducted a decade of experiments on the garden pea, eventually showing that traits are passed from parents to offspring in predictable ways?
Question 29 Answer
a.
Gregor Mendel
b.
Hippocrates
c.
Alfred Wallace
d.
Francis Crick
e.
Aristotle
Gregor Mendel
Name the individual who, while working with the garden pea in the mid-1850s, demonstrated quantitative patterns of heredity and developed a theory involving the behavior of hereditary factors.
Question 30 Answer
a.
George Wallace
b.
Theodor Boveri
c.
Barbara McClintock
d.
Gregor Mendel
e.
Walter Sutton
Gregor Mendel
text
________ is a discipline involved in the development of both hardware and software for processing, storing, and retrieving nucleotide and protein data.
Question 31 Answer
a.
Genomics
b.
Bioinformatics
c.
Cloning
d.
Recombinant DNA technology
e.
Proteomics
Bioinformatics
The theory of epigenesis states that _______.
Question 32 Answer
a.
living organisms can arise from non-living matter
b.
adult structures in the organism develop de novo from substances present in the egg
c.
sex cells contain a complete, miniature adult
d.
animal and plant species have remained unchanged from the moment they appeared on Earth
e.
process by which only animals develop from a seed, spore or egg through a sequence of steps
adult structures in the organism develop de novo from substances present in the egg
Identify the central dogma of molecular genetics.
Question 33 Answer
a.
RNA → DNA → protein
b.
DNA → RNA → protein
c.
RNA → protein → DNA
d.
Protein → DNA → RNA
e.
DNA → Protein → RNA
DNA → RNA → protein
Which of the following are true about codons?
Question 34 Answer
a.
They are complementary to DNA and specify amino acids at the ribosome.
b.
They are complementary to DNA and are a two-nucleotide code for an amino acid.
c.
They are placed at random in the RNA.
d.
They are complementary to RNA and specify amino acids at the ribosome.
e.
They are a circular series of nucleotide triplets.
They are complementary to DNA and specify amino acids at the ribosome.
If somebody knew that a devastating late-onset inherited disease runs in his or her family (in other words, a disease that does not appear until later in life) and he or she could be tested for it at the age of 20, should the person find out whether he or she is a carrier?
Question 35 Answer
a.
The person should be tested for the disease at the age of 20.
b.
The person should be tested for the disease at the age of 40.
c.
The person should be tested if he or she wants to have children.
d.
The person should make a decision him- or herself and the decision may change depending on his or her age and other factors.
e.
The person should never be tested for the disease.
The person should make a decision him- or herself and the decision may change depending on his or her age and other factors.
The haploid number of a species is _______.
Question 36 Answer
a.
produced during mitosis
b.
2n
c.
the karyotype
d.
n
e.
the number of chromosomes in gametes after mitosis.
n
What is CRISPR-Cas?
Question 37 Answer
a.
A newly developed genetic engineering tool with no obvious medical applications.
b.
A new application of DNA-cutting restriction endonucleases to remove and replace defective genes
c.
A DNA editing complex isolated from bacteria that has been used to repair genes in multiple living organisms.
d.
CRISPR-Cas is a bacterial protein complex that has been used to treat many human diseases that are caused by genetic defects.
e.
CRISPR-Cas is a protein complex that can potentially delete the DNA sequence of any living organism.
A DNA editing complex isolated from bacteria that has been used to repair genes in multiple living organisms
What term is used to describe the fact that different genes in an organism often provide differences in observable features?
Question 38 Answer
a.
genotype
b.
phenotype
c.
inheritance
d.
alleles
e.
natural selection
phenotype
Which of the following is TRUE about alleles?
Question 39 Answer
a.
Alleles come in two forms, the good form and the bad form.
b.
An allele is a variant form of a gene.
c.
An individual will only carry one version of an allele.
d.
The phenotype of the individual will always indicate with certainty the alleles of the individual.
e.
Individuals carry both forms of each allele.
An allele is a variant form of a gene.
In many species, there are two representatives of each chromosome. In such species, the characteristic number of chromosomes is called the ________ number. It is usually symbolized as ________.
Question 40 Answer
a.
monoploid; n
b.
diploid; 2n
c.
haploid; n
d.
haploid; 2n
e.
diploid; n
diploid; 2n
