Chapter 1: General, Systemic, and Skeletal Anatomy and Arthrology Flashcards
the lowest level of the structural organization of the human body is the
chemical levels
The four basic types of tissues in the body
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
10 systems of the human body
skeletal, circulatory, nervous, digestive, reproductive, endocrine, integumentary, urinary, respiratory, muscular
Supports and protects many soft tissues of the body
the skeletal system
helps regulate body temperature
the circulatory system
eliminates solid waste from the body
the digestive system
eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood
the respiratory system
regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume
the urinary system
reproduces the organism
the reproductive system
regulates body activities with electrical impulses
the nervous system
maintains posture
the muscular system
regulates bodily activities through various hormones
the endocrine system.
receives stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, and pain
the integumentary system
the largest organ is the
the integumentary (or the skin)
the two divisions of the human skeletal system are
osteology, arthrology
how many bones are in the axial skeleton
has 80 bones
Where is the axial skeleton located?
the central axis of the body
what bones are axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton
has 126 bones
where is the appendicular skeleton located
the limbs
what bones are appendicular skeleton
shoulder and pelvic girdles
what are the four classifications of bones
long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones
what bones are long bones in the skeleton
limbs, compact bone, spongy bone, and periosteum
what bones are irregular bones in the skeleton
limbs, peculiar shapes (vertebra, facial bones, and pelvic bones)
what bones are short and flat bones in the skeleton
carpal and tarsal bones, calvarium, sternum, ribs, and scapulae
the outer covering of a long bone, which is composed of a dense, fibrous membrane, is called
the compact bone
which aspect of long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
the spongy or cancellous bone
which aspect of the long bone is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition?
the periosteum
What the primary and secondary growth for the long bones?
Diaphysis and Epiphysis
What is diaphysis?
The primary center of ossification in growing bones is called the diaphysis.
What is Epiphysis?
The ossification appears near the end of the limbs of the long bones.
What is in the secondary centers of the bone
Metaphysis, epiphyseal plate
What is metaphysis?
The metaphysis is the wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate. This where bone growth in length occurs.
what is an epiphyseal plate and where are they found?
Epiphyseal plates are cartilaginous plates located between the metaphysis and each epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete.
Epiphyseal fusion of the long bones is complete by the age of?
Puberty to full maturity, i.e., between the ages of 20 to 25 years.
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, and Diarthrosis
What is synarthrosis?
It is an immovable joint.
What is Amphiarthrosis?
The joint with limited movement.
What is Diarthrosis?
The joint that is freely movable
What are the three structural classifications of the joint?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
What are the subclassifications for Fibrous joint?
- Syndesmosis (Aphiarthrodial - sightly movable) location distal tibiofibular joint,
- Suture (Synarthrodial - immovable) location skull suture,
- Gomphosis (Amphiarthrodial - only limited movement) location roots of teeth
What are the subclassifications for Cartilaginous joints?
- Symphyses (Amphiarthrodial - sightly movable) is the presence of a broad, flattened disk of fibrocartilage between two contiguous bony surfaces.
- Location intervertebral disks, the manubrium upper portion of the sternum, symphysis pubis between the two pubic bones of the pelvic.
- Synchondroses (Synarthrodial - immovable) is a temporary form of joint wherein the connecting hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate) converted into the bone at adulthood.
- Location the epiphyseal plates between the epiphysis and the metaphysis of the long bones, the three-part union of the pelvis, which forms a cup-shaped acetabulum for the hip joint.
What are synovial joints and where are they located?
- Synovial joints (Darthrodial - freely movable) are a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid.
- Location the upper and lower limbs,
What are the movement types of Synovial Joints?
- Plane (gliding) Joints
- Ginglymus (hinge) Joints
- Pivot (trochoid) Joints
- Ellipsoid (condylar) Joints
- Saddle (sellar) Joints
- Ball and Socket (spheroidal) Joints
- Bicondylar Joints
Body Habitus
The build, physique, and general shape of the body are classified as Body Habitus.
The body type that makes up 50% of the population is?
Sthenic
The body type that makes up 35% of the population is?
Hyposthenic
The body type that makes up 5% of the population is?
Hypersthenic
The body type that makes up 10% of the population is?
Asthenic
