Chapter 1 General Principles

Question 1

absorption

Answer 1

a drug is moved from the site of administration to body fluids(1st process during pharmocokinetics)

Question 2

adverse reaction

Answer 2

undesirable drug effect

Question 3

allergic reaction

Answer 3

hypersensitive reaction by the immune system, it presents as itching, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing

Question 4

anaphylactic/anaphylactoid shock/reaction

Answer 4

sudden, severe hypersensitivity reaction with symptoms that progress rapidly and can result in death

Question 5

angloedema

Answer 5

localized wheals or swellings in subcutaneous tissue or mucous membranes, which can be caused by an allergic response

Question 6

bioavailability

Answer 6

the proportion of a drug available to body tissues when it reaches the circulator system

Question 7

controlled substances

Answer 7

drugs that have the potential for abuse and dependency, both physical and psychological

Question 8

cumulative drug effect

Answer 8

when the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug before the next is given

Question 9

complementary/alternative medicine(CAM)

Answer 9

group of diverse medical practices or products not presently part of conventional medicine

Question 10

distribution

Answer 10

drug moves from circulation to body tissues or target site

Question 11

drug idiosyncrasy

Answer 11

any unusual or abnormal response that differs from the response normally expected to a specific drug and dosage

Question 12

drug tolerance

Answer 12

decreased response to a drug requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect

Question 13

excretion

Answer 13

elimination of a drug from the body

Question 14

first-pass effect

Answer 14

action by which an oral drug is absorbed and carried directly to the liver, where it is inactivated by the enzymes before it enters the general bloodstream

Question 15

half-life

Answer 15

time required for the body to eliminate 50% of a drug

Question 16

herbal medicine/herbalism

Answer 16

type of CAM therapy that uses plants or herbs to treat various disorders

Question 17

hypersensitive

Answer 17

undesirable reaction produced by a normal immune system

Question 18

metabolism

Answer 18

drug is changed to a form that can be excreted

Question 19

metabolite

Answer 19

inactive form of the original drug

Question 20

nonprescription drugs(over-the-counter)

Answer 20

drugs designated by the FDA to be safe and obtainable without a prescription

Question 21

pharmaceutic

Answer 21

pertaining to the phase during which a drug dissolves into the body

Question 22

pharmacodynamics

Answer 22

study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body

Question 23

pharmacokinetics

Answer 23

study of drug transit or activity after administration

Question 24

physical dependency

Answer 24

habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation

Question 25

prescription drugs

Answer 25

drugs the federal government has designated as potentially harmful unless their use is supervised by a licensed healthcare provider, such as a nurse practitioner, physician, or dentist

Question 26

psychological dependency

Answer 26

compulsion or craving to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience

Question 27

receptor

Answer 27

a reactive site on the surface of a cell, when a drug binds to and interacts with the receptor, a pharmacologic response occurs

Question 28

risk evaluation and mitigation strategies(REMS)

Answer 28

program of the FDA, designed to monitor drugs that have a high risk compared with benefit ration

Question 29

teratogen

Answer 29

drug or substance that causes abnormal development of the fetus, leading to deformities

Question 30

toxic

Answer 30

poisonous or harmful

Question 31

controlled substances act of 1970

Answer 31

established a classification system for drugs with abuse potential, regulated manufacture, distribution, and dispensing. creates 5 groups called schedules

Question 32

Drug Testing FDA phase

Answer 32

3 phases, first tested on healthy people, second on unhealthy, third goes on more people to research more reactions and dosing

Question 33

MedWatch

Answer 33

allows people to report safety and adverse effects of drugs

Question 34

Orphan drug act of 1983

Answer 34

encouraged development and marketing of products used to treat rare(fewer than 200,000 individuals in US) diseases through financial incentives

Question 35

Onset of action

Answer 35

Time between administration of drug and onset of its effect

Question 36

Peak concentration

Answer 36

When absorption rate equals elimination rate

Question 37

Duration of action

Answer 37

Length of time therapeutic effect is produced

Question 38

Agonist

Answer 38

Drug that binds to receptor to produce therapeutic response

Question 39

Antagonist

Answer 39

Drug that binds to receptor, does not produce response, meant to block receptors function

Question 40

Pharmacogenomics

Answer 40

Study of how people's responses to medication varies due to genetic variation