Chapter 1: General Principles

Question 1

Major themes

Answer 1

Unity of form and function
Evolution
Cell Theory
Complexity
Gradients and flow
Homeostasis

Question 2

Osmosis

Answer 2

The diffusion of water from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

Question 3

movement of ions

Answer 3

opposites attract

Question 4

temperature

Answer 4

the movement of particles (more movement = higher temp)

Question 5

gradients and flow

Answer 5

concentration
electrochemical
thermal
pressure

Question 6

how is heat generated?

Answer 6

when ATP breaks down, energy is released; every time ATP is used, heat is released

Question 7

hyperthyroidism

Answer 7

overproduction of the thyroid hormone

Question 8

Why do first responders place cold compressions at specific locations on the body?

Answer 8

the neck, groin, and armpits
major blood vessels at these locations; high concentration of heat –> low concentration
drawing heat out of the body

Question 9

homeostasis

Answer 9

the ability to maintain internal stability in spite of changing conditions in the world outside the body

Question 10

homeostasis examples

Answer 10

blood pressure
blood glucose
blood pH
ion balance
water balance

Question 11

set point

Answer 11

equilibrium

the body wants to stay near this

Question 12

negative feedback

Answer 12

corrective mechanism

Question 13

a negative feedback cycle…

Answer 13

functions to reverse or negate the change that was originally detected

Question 14

negative feedback cycle steps

Answer 14

1) a receptor
2) an integrating center
3) effector
4) response

Question 15

A receptor

Answer 15

detects something in the enviroment

Question 16

an integrating center

Answer 16

takes the information, processes it, and makes a decision

sometimes clear, but not always; could be a cell, the brain, etc.

Question 17

effector

Answer 17

the cell/organ that carries out the corrective mechanism

Question 18

response

Answer 18

the final outcome/restoration

Question 19

positive feedback

Answer 19

rapid change; amplifying mechanism

Question 20

positive feedback examples

Answer 20

cell cycle for replication
child birth
fever
blood clotting

Question 21

why is positive feedback more likely than negative feedback to disrupt homeostasis?

Answer 21

positive feedback moves farther from the set point; negative feedback’s goal is to come back to the set point