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Kaplan Microbiology > Chapter 1: General Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: General Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the RNA of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites?

A

Viruses: can have polycystronic

Bacteria: mono- and polycistronic

Fungi: monocystronic

Parasites: monocystronic

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2
Q

Name the composition of bacterial ribosomes and fungi/ parasite ribosomes?

A

Bacterial: 70s (30s + 50s)

Fungi/ parasite: 80s ( 40s + 60s)

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3
Q

When does DNA replicate in bacteria, fungi and parasites?

A

Bacteria: continuously

Fungi and parasites: G and S phase

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4
Q

Composition of bacteria cell membrane?

A

No sterols except mycoplasmas which have cholesterol

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5
Q

Composition of fungi cell membrane?

A

Ergosterol is the major sterol

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6
Q

Composition of parasite cell membrane?

A

Sterols such as cholesterol

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7
Q

Define carrier:

A

Person colonized by a potential pathogen without overt disease

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8
Q

Define bacteremia:

A

Bacteria in the bloodstream without overt clinical signs

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9
Q

Define septicemia:

A

Bacteria in bloodstream (multiplying) with clinical symptoms

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10
Q

Most common normal flora in the blood and internal organs?

A

NONE

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11
Q

Most common normal flora in cutaneous surfaces?

A

S. epidermidis

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12
Q

Most common normal flora in the nose?

A

S. aureus

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13
Q

Most common normal flora in the oropharynx?

A

Viridans strep

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14
Q

Most common normal flora in the gingival crevices?

A

anaerobes: Bacteroides Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Actinomyces

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15
Q

What is the only bacteria that can grow in the stomach?

A

H. pylori

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16
Q

Most common normal flora in the colon?

A

Babies: Bifidobacterium

Adult: Bacteriodes/ Prevotella, Escherichia and Bifidobacterium

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17
Q

Most common normal flora in vagina?

A

Lactobacillus

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18
Q

Name the 4 types of adherence particles?

A

Pili/ fibriae, Teichoic acids, Adhesins, IgA proteases

19
Q

What type of bacteria are pili found in?

A

gram (-)

20
Q

What type of bacteria are teichoic acids?

A

gram (+)

21
Q

What type of pathogens have IgA proteases?

A

mucosal pathogens

22
Q

Name the 6 major bacteria that have a capsule?

Remember: Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules

A

Strep pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

Psuedomonas aeruginosa

Neiserria meningitidis

Cryptococcus neoformans

23
Q

Name the antiphagocytic surface components of the following bacteria:

S. pyogenes
N. gonorrheae
S. aureus

A

S. pyogenes–> M protein

N. gonorrheae–> pili

S. aureus–> A protein

24
Q

Name the 3 organisms notable for IgA proteases?

A

Neisseria. Haemophilus, S. pneumoniae

25
Q

What do siderophores do?

A

steal (chelate) and import iron

26
Q

Name the 4 types of bacteria that undergo antigenic variation?

A

N. gonorrhoeae

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesense/ T.b. gambiense

Enterobacteriaceae

HIV

27
Q

What are type III secretion systems?

A

Tunnel from the bacteria to the host cell (macrophage) that delivers toxins directly to the host

28
Q

Which 5 species have Type III secretion systems?

A

E. coli, Salmonella species, Yersnia species, P. aeruginosa, and Chlamydia

29
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is cross- reaction of bacteria- induced antibodies with tissue antigens?

A

Type II

30
Q

What is another name for endotoxin?

A

LPS…made by gram (-) bacteria

31
Q

What is the toxic portion of LPS?

A

Lipid A

32
Q

What cytokines does LPS help generate?

A

TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6

33
Q

How does LPS lead to tissue damage?

A

macrophage activation

34
Q

How does LPS lead to shock?

A

Damage to endothelium from bradykinin- induced vasodilation

35
Q

How does LPS lead to coagulation?

A

activation of Hageman factor

36
Q

What is the basic structure of exotoxins?

A

A= active subunit

B= binding subunit

37
Q

What are cytolysins?

A

Toxins that lyse cells from outside by damaging membranes

38
Q

What bacteria have inhibitors of protein synthesis?

A

C. diphtheria: diphtheria toxin

P. aeruginosa: Exotoxin A

Shigella: shiga toxin

Enterohemorrhagic E coli: Verotoxin

39
Q

What bacteria produce neurotoxins?

A

Clostridum tetani: Tetanus toxin

Clostridium botulinum: Botulinum toxin

40
Q

What bacteria produce super antigens?

A

S. aureus: TSST-1

S. pyogenes: Exotoxin A

41
Q

What bacteria produce cAMP inducers?

A

Enterotoxigenic E coli: Heat labile toxin

Vibrio cholerae: cholera toxin

Bacillus anthracis: Antratoxin

Bordetella pertussis: pertussis toxin

42
Q

What bacteria produce cytolysins?

A

Clostriudium perfingens: alpha toxin

Staphylococcus aureus: alpha toxin

43
Q

What toxin has 3 subunits?

A

Bacillus anthracis toxin–> anthrax toxin

EF: edema factor

LF: lethal factor

PA: protective antigen

Kaplan Microbiology (3 decks)

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