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Kaplan Microbiology > Chapter 1: General Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: General Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the RNA of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites?

A

Viruses: can have polycystronic

Bacteria: mono- and polycistronic

Fungi: monocystronic

Parasites: monocystronic

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2
Q

Name the composition of bacterial ribosomes and fungi/ parasite ribosomes?

A

Bacterial: 70s (30s + 50s)

Fungi/ parasite: 80s ( 40s + 60s)

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3
Q

When does DNA replicate in bacteria, fungi and parasites?

A

Bacteria: continuously

Fungi and parasites: G and S phase

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4
Q

Composition of bacteria cell membrane?

A

No sterols except mycoplasmas which have cholesterol

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5
Q

Composition of fungi cell membrane?

A

Ergosterol is the major sterol

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6
Q

Composition of parasite cell membrane?

A

Sterols such as cholesterol

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7
Q

Define carrier:

A

Person colonized by a potential pathogen without overt disease

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8
Q

Define bacteremia:

A

Bacteria in the bloodstream without overt clinical signs

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9
Q

Define septicemia:

A

Bacteria in bloodstream (multiplying) with clinical symptoms

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10
Q

Most common normal flora in the blood and internal organs?

A

NONE

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11
Q

Most common normal flora in cutaneous surfaces?

A

S. epidermidis

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12
Q

Most common normal flora in the nose?

A

S. aureus

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13
Q

Most common normal flora in the oropharynx?

A

Viridans strep

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14
Q

Most common normal flora in the gingival crevices?

A

anaerobes: Bacteroides Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Actinomyces

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15
Q

What is the only bacteria that can grow in the stomach?

A

H. pylori

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16
Q

Most common normal flora in the colon?

A

Babies: Bifidobacterium

Adult: Bacteriodes/ Prevotella, Escherichia and Bifidobacterium

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17
Q

Most common normal flora in vagina?

A

Lactobacillus

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18
Q

Name the 4 types of adherence particles?

A

Pili/ fibriae, Teichoic acids, Adhesins, IgA proteases

19
Q

What type of bacteria are pili found in?

20
Q

What type of bacteria are teichoic acids?

21
Q

What type of pathogens have IgA proteases?

A

mucosal pathogens

22
Q

Name the 6 major bacteria that have a capsule?

Remember: Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules

A

Strep pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

Psuedomonas aeruginosa

Neiserria meningitidis

Cryptococcus neoformans

23
Q

Name the antiphagocytic surface components of the following bacteria:

S. pyogenes
N. gonorrheae
S. aureus

A

S. pyogenes–> M protein

N. gonorrheae–> pili

S. aureus–> A protein

24
Q

Name the 3 organisms notable for IgA proteases?

A

Neisseria. Haemophilus, S. pneumoniae

25
What do siderophores do?
steal (chelate) and import iron
26
Name the 4 types of bacteria that undergo antigenic variation?
N. gonorrhoeae Trypanosoma brucei rhodesense/ T.b. gambiense Enterobacteriaceae HIV
27
What are type III secretion systems?
Tunnel from the bacteria to the host cell (macrophage) that delivers toxins directly to the host
28
Which 5 species have Type III secretion systems?
E. coli, Salmonella species, Yersnia species, P. aeruginosa, and Chlamydia
29
What type of hypersensitivity is cross- reaction of bacteria- induced antibodies with tissue antigens?
Type II
30
What is another name for endotoxin?
LPS...made by gram (-) bacteria
31
What is the toxic portion of LPS?
Lipid A
32
What cytokines does LPS help generate?
TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6
33
How does LPS lead to tissue damage?
macrophage activation
34
How does LPS lead to shock?
Damage to endothelium from bradykinin- induced vasodilation
35
How does LPS lead to coagulation?
activation of Hageman factor
36
What is the basic structure of exotoxins?
A= active subunit B= binding subunit
37
What are cytolysins?
Toxins that lyse cells from outside by damaging membranes
38
What bacteria have inhibitors of protein synthesis?
C. diphtheria: diphtheria toxin P. aeruginosa: Exotoxin A Shigella: shiga toxin Enterohemorrhagic E coli: Verotoxin
39
What bacteria produce neurotoxins?
Clostridum tetani: Tetanus toxin Clostridium botulinum: Botulinum toxin
40
What bacteria produce super antigens?
S. aureus: TSST-1 S. pyogenes: Exotoxin A
41
What bacteria produce cAMP inducers?
Enterotoxigenic E coli: Heat labile toxin Vibrio cholerae: cholera toxin Bacillus anthracis: Antratoxin Bordetella pertussis: pertussis toxin
42
What bacteria produce cytolysins?
Clostriudium perfingens: alpha toxin Staphylococcus aureus: alpha toxin
43
What toxin has 3 subunits?
Bacillus anthracis toxin--> anthrax toxin EF: edema factor LF: lethal factor PA: protective antigen

Kaplan Microbiology (3 decks)

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