Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Calculations

Question 1

It is the area of study that applies the basic principles of mathematics to the preparation and efficacious use of pharmaceutical preparations.

Answer 1

Pharmaceutical Calculations

Question 2

It includes calculations from initial product formulation through clinical administration and outcomes assessment.

Answer 2

Pharmaceutical Calculations

Question 3

What is the other term for metric system?

Answer 3

International Systems of Units (SI)

Question 4

It is the common system of commerce, which has not fully been replaced in the United States by the International System of Units.

Answer 4

Avoirdupois System

Question 5

It is the traditional system of pharmaceutical measurement, which is now largely of historic significance.

Answer 5

Apothecaries’ System of Measurement

Question 6

What is the sign of percent?

Answer 6

%

Question 7

It means: “In a hundred”

Answer 7

Percent

Question 8

In pharmacy, percent most often is used to? Enumerate all. (3 answers)

Answer 8

a. define the concentration or strength of a pharmaceutical preparation (ex.: a 10% ointment)
b. describe the accuracy of a method or procedure (ex.: a 5% error in a measurement or weighing)
c. quantify a parameter in a clinical study (ex.: 15% of subjects exhibited a particular effect)

Question 9

It is the relative amount of two quantities (one to the other).

Answer 9

Ratio

Question 10

It resembles a common fraction except in the manner in which it is presented.

Answer 10

Ratio

Question 11

It is the quotient of the first term divided by the second term.

Answer 11

Value

Question 12

It is the expression of the equality of two ratios.

Answer 12

Proportion

Question 13

True/False: Proportion may be written in any one of three standard forms:
(1) a:b = c:d
(2) a:b :: c:d
(3) a/b = c/d

Answer 13

SUPER TRUE

Question 14

Read “a:b = c:d”

Answer 14

a is to b as c is to d

Question 15

Which are the extremes and means in this example “a:b = c:d” ?

Answer 15

extremes: a and d
means: b and c

Question 16

True/False: Means are the “outer members”

Answer 16

False!! Means are the “middle members”

Question 17

True/False: Extremes are the “middle members”

Answer 17

False!! Extremes are the “outer members”

Question 18

True/False: In any proportion, the product of the extremes is unequal to the product of the means.

Answer 18

False. The product of the extremes is EQUAL to the product of the means.

Question 19

True/False: If the missing term is a mean, it will be the product of the extremes divided by the given mean.

Answer 19

True!

Question 20

True/False: If the missing term is an extreme, it will be the product of the means divided by the given proportion.

Answer 20

True!

Question 21

Other terms for Dimensional Analysis

Answer 21

(1) Factor Analysis
(2) Factor-Label Method
(3) Unit-Factor Method

Question 22

This method involves the logical sequencing and placement of a series of ratios (termed factors) into an equation.

Answer 22

Dimensional Analysis

Question 23

It is an arithmetic method of solving problems relating mixtures of components of different strengths.

Answer 23

Alligation

Question 24

What are the two types of alligation?

Answer 24

Alligation Medial and Alligation Alternate

Question 25

It may be used to determine the strength of a common ingredient in a mixture of two or more preparations.

Answer 25

Alligation Medial

Question 26

It may be used to determine the proportion or quantities of two or more components to combine in order to prepare a mixture of a desired strength.

Answer 26

Alligation Alternate

Question 27

True/False: When we count objects accurately, every figure in the numeral expressing the total number of objects must be taken at its face value.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

True/False: Any zero between digits is insignificant.

Answer 28

False. Any zero between digits is significant.

Question 29

True/False: Initial zeroes to the left of the first digit are never significant; they are included merely to show the location of the decimal point and thus give place value to the digits that follow.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

True/False: One or more final zeroes to the right of the decimal point may be taken to be insignificant.

Answer 30

False. One or more final zeroes to the right of the decimal point may be taken to be significant.

Question 31

Identify how many significant figures in the following:

a.) 12.5
b.) 0.125
c.) 0.5
d.) 102.56
e.) 0.0605

Answer 31

a.) 3 significant figures
b.) 3 significant figures
c.) 1 significant figure
d.) 5 significant figures
e.) 3 significant figures

Question 32

True/False: Digits other than zero are significant.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

True/False: Zeroes used only to show the location of the decimal point are significant.

Answer 33

False. Zeroes used only to show the location of the decimal point are not significant.

Question 34

What are the two parts of fraction?

Answer 34

Numerator and denominator

Question 35

True/False: When a specific patient is classified as either pediatrics or geriatrics, the dosage should always be rounded down to the lowest possible amount.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Numbers that have clinical value or importance

Answer 36

Significant figures