Chapter 1: Fundamental Principles and Theories Flashcards
What is Counseling?
Skilled and principled use of a professional relationship to empower individuals to facilitate self-knowledge and the development of personal resources in order to grow and achieve MENTAL HEALTH and WELLNESS.
What is Consulting?
Collaborative process in which psychology, counseling, and athletic performance are applied with individuals, teams, and organizations in a sport context to facilitate the development of mental and emotional skills and processes that lead to OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE, WELL-BEING, and PERSONAL GROWTH.
What are two theories of behavior change?
- Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
2. Theory of Planned Behavior
What are the 6 parts to the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (Prochaska, 2008)?
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Termination
Stage 1:
Precontemplation
Individuals are unaware or uninformed that there is a change that is needed
Stage 2:
Contemplation
Individuals recognize the need for behavior change and are committed to making the change in the next 6 months
Stage 3:
Preparation
Individuals are planning to make a change and are committed to following through
Stage 4:
Action
Individuals are implementing their plan and executing their behavior change, usually less than 6 months
Stage 5:
Maintenance
Individuals’ changed behavior has become established in their daily life, usually more than 6 months
Stage 6:
Termination
Individuals are completely 100% self-efficacious in the new activity, have no desire to relapse
Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991)?
Driven by the individual’s intention to perform the behavior.
This intention is driven by underlying motivation, which is influenced by individuals’ attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms (i.e., perceived social pressure to engage in the behavior), and perceived behavioral control (i.e., expectancy that performance of the behavior is within their control).
Theory of Planned Behavior dismisses what two factors?
Don’t factor in the influences of emotions and unconscious influences have on behavior.
Theory of planned behavior is typically used for which health behavior changes?
Alcohol and Drug Use
Nutrition
Physical Activity
Adherence to Medical regimes
TRUE OR FALSE: In the Theory of Planned Behavior, the key factor in influencing a change is the intention to perform the behavior.
TRUE
What is Acceptance Commitment Theory (ATC)?
Rapidly evolving third-wave counseling approach used to facilitate MINDFULNESS and VALUES-DRIVEN behavior change
Guided by 6 core processes designed to increase PSYCHOLOGICAL FLEXIBILITY.
Hexaflex Model
1. Accetpance
2. Contact with the present moment
3. Values
4. Committed Action
5. Self as context
6. Difusion
What is Systems Theory or Systems Therapy?
HOLISTIC approach to used to examine and understand systems, based on the premise that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Individuals and Teams are considered their own ecosystems, that have effects on those around them.
Useful to help members gain insight into how each individuals role within the group affect its functionality!
MPCs should encourage reflection on each person’s beliefs, values, needs, hopes, and assumptions to help facilitate understanding and new ways of thinking and doing. It is important to help members to move beyond blame and begin exploring how everyone can work together toward a shared goal.
What is Person Centered Therapy?
Developed by Carl Rogers
- Focused on developing bond between client and practioner
- creates a positive and safe climate for the client
- Increases clients self-awareness, self-trust, and ability to share in a counseling environment
- unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy are keys in this approach
- Does not use intake questioning, or probing
Rogers’ counseling style has gained tremendous respect and recognition over the years, particularly due to its emphasis on the therapeutic alliance—that is, the bond or connection that develops between a practitioner and client. Rogers postulated that unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy are factors that are indispensable for client progress (Rogers, 1957)
How can Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) be used in sports with clients?
It is essential for MPCs to understand their client’s experiences, perspectives, and frame of reference as they work toward achieving performance and well-being goals. PCT offers a lens through which MPCs can empower their clients to harness their capacity to organize themselves, take responsibility for their actions, find their own solutions, and work toward a higher degree of acceptance and comfort in the face of stressful demands (Kirschenbaum, 2004).
In sum, PCT is the foundation of many counseling approaches. It encompasses core ingredients allowing practitioners to establish and sustain effective therapeutic relationships, which directly influence client engagement, adherence, and outcomes. PCT is useful at any point of the consulting process to maintain high-quality alliances, understand experiences, and increase awareness and self-regulation (Corey, 2017).
What is Existential Therapy (ET)?
Focuses on the nature of the human condition (what is means to be human).
Clients identify and pursue meaning in life to integrate, mind, body, and spirit into the meaning of life
ET relies on concepts that are universally applicable to human existence. It aims to address and understand issues of freedom and responsibility, isolation and relationships, meaning and meaninglessness, and living and dying (Deurzen, 2012).
How and when should ET be used with a client?
ET is well suited to situations such as a developmental crisis (e.g., an adolescent struggling with his athletic identity), a life transition (e.g., an injured athlete involuntarily leaving sport), an existential concern (e.g., a coach coping with a failed marriage), or a need for personal enhancement (e.g., an athlete looking for a new career).
MPCs can guide clients to explore choices over which they have freedom (i.e., controllables), take ownership of their actions, and remain accountable for their experiences and outcomes. Importantly, ET lends itself well to helping clients recognize and deal with sources of anxiety, insecurity, and fear, which are inherent in competitive situations and transitions in various domains of life, including sports. Finally, through active listening, reflection of meaning, confrontation, and reframing skills, MPCs can challenge clients to perceive or reappraise inevitable obstacles, setbacks, and losses as vital learning and growth opportunities.
What is Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)?
A person-centered approach in which emotions are viewed as a fundamental aspect of human functioning and therapeutic change (Greenberg, 2014).
EFT counselors aim to increase emotional awareness, regulation, and transformation (Greenberg, 2014).
What are EFT’s 3 downfalls?
- EFT can lead to intense emotional expression; if feelings are not fully explored and cognitive work is not completed, clients can be left with no closure and integration.
- Clients who have difficulty using creativity and imagination, or who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved, may not embrace EFT techniques and experiments.
- Some clients may not see how being aware of present experiencing will lead to solving their problems.
How and when should EFT be used?
Must develop a relationship like in PCT first, then they actively engage clients to disrupt maladaptive emotional schemas by creating new positive ones (Greenberg, 2014). Specifically, clients learn to “identify, experience, accept, express, explore, transform, and manage their emotions” (Corey, 2017, p. 168).
MPCs can use EFT to help their clients identify and communicate how their emotions influence their overall functioning and interactions in normal and high-pressure situations.
While clients can be encouraged to focus on the present and accept their experiences, it is empowering for them to know that they have ownership over how they feel and can improve their experiences through personal choices.
What is Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)?
CBT is a structured, time-limited, problem-focused, and goal-oriented form of talk therapy that helps clients learn to identify, question, and change how their thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs relate to emotional and behavioral reactions that cause them difficulty.
