Chapter 1: From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River Valley- Civilizations

Question 1

Bands

Answer 1

a level of social organization normally consisting of 20 or 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis

Question 2

Paleolithic Age

Answer 2

The Old Stone Age, which lasted from 2.5 million to 8000 B.C. where the invention of tools, fire, and language took place. Nomadic hunters and gatherers

Question 3

Mesolithic

Answer 3

The “middle” Stone Age, between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic ages. 12,000 - 8,000 B.C.E.

Question 4

Neolithic Age

Answer 4

The New Stone Age between 8000 and 3000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished.

Question 5

Bronze Age

Answer 5

from 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing., a period in human history during which people began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to fashion tools and weapons.

Question 6

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 6

the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Question 7

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 7

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization., The shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the domestication of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC

Question 8

Catal Huyuk

Answer 8

One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions, one of the world’s first cities, remains were found in 1958 in modern Turkey

Question 9

Civilization

Answer 9

complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system

Question 10

Cuneiform

Answer 10

a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C.

Question 11

Mesopotamia

Answer 11

first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means “land between the rivers;” Sumerian culture

Question 12

Sumerians

Answer 12

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Question 13

Ziggurat

Answer 13

a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple

Question 14

city-state

Answer 14

a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit.

Question 15

Babylonians

Answer 15

an ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley. It flourished under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declined after 562 B.C. and fell to the Persians in 539.

Question 16

Hammurabi’s Code

Answer 16

The first written codes of law during the Babylonian Empire, strict/ harsh punsihments, “an eye for an eye”. Forst ever codified law

Question 17

Hammurabi

Answer 17

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

Question 18

Egyptian Civilization

Answer 18

civilization emerged in northern Africa along the Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E. It benefited from trade and influences from Mesopotamia, but it also produced its own distinct social structures and cultural expressions. Unlike Mesopotamia, civilization featured very durable and centralized institutions. Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures also characterized civilization.

Question 19

Pharaoh

Answer 19

the title of the ancient Egyptian kings

Question 20

Pyramids

Answer 20

monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.

Question 21

Indus River Civilization

Answer 21

(c. 3300-1700 BCE, flourished 2600-1900 BCE), was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in what is now Pakistan and western India, parts of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan; major cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Question 22

Mohenjo-Daro

Answer 22

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

Question 23

Harappa

Answer 23

Along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harrappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.

Question 24

History

Answer 24

The study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices.

Question 25

Stone Age

Answer 25

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. Followed by Bronze Age

Question 26

Foragers

Answer 26

People who support themselves while hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects.

Question 27

Megaliths

Answer 27

Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times

Question 28

Semitic

Answer 28

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa.

Question 29

Scribe

Answer 29

A professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiform, hieroglyphics, or other early writing ssystems

Question 30

Amulet

Answer 30

Small charms meant to protect the bearer from evil. They reflect religious practices of common people in Egypt and Mesopotamia

Question 31

Ma’at

Answer 31

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe.

Question 32

Memphis

Answer 32

The capital of old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta.

Question 33

Thebes

Answer 33

The capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms.

Question 34

Papyrus

Answer 34

The reed that grows along the bank in the Nile River in Egypt. It produced a paper-like writing medium

Question 35

Mummy

Answer 35

A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances

Question 36

How does the Nile flow?

Answer 36

From North to South

Question 37

What do the Egyptians call the northern part of the country?

Answer 37

Upper Egypt

Question 38

What do the Egyptians call the northern delta?

Answer 38

Lower Egypt

Question 39

What is the New Kingdom term that Egyptians gave to Kings?

Answer 39

Pharaoh

Question 40

Who was the link between Egyptians and their gods?

Answer 40

Pharaohs

Question 41

How many dynasties does Egypt have?

Answer 41

30

Question 42

How are the dynasties of Egypt divided

Answer 42

old, middle, and new kingdoms.

Question 43

Describe Egypt’s hierarchy class

Answer 43

At the top were kings and high ranking officials. In the middle priests, artisans, farmers, and local leaders

Question 44

What are shawabtis?

Answer 44

Small figurines that were included to lay the part of servants and take the place of the deceased in case the afterlife required periodic compulsory labor

Question 45

What were the Indus people advanced in?

Answer 45

irrigation, ceramics, and construction

Question 46

Where did most of the population on ancient Egypt live?

Answer 46

Alongside the Nile river or in the Delta

Question 47

What are the indicators of civilization?

Answer 47

Cities
Political system
Engagement in non food producing activities
Social class
Buildings
Record keeping
Trade
Advances in science and art

Question 48

What were the roles of women and men in foraging communities?

Answer 48

Women gathered and cooked food
Older women past child bearing were knowledgeable of food gathering
Men hunted

Question 49

How did bands move?

Answer 49

They followed migrating animals and took advantage of seasonally ripening plants in different places

Question 50

What ere the shelters of foragers?

Answer 50

Shelters were in overhanging rocks or in caves

Question 51

What were early form of clothing

Answer 51

Animal skin cloacks

Question 52

Why did foragers occupy the same site year round?

Answer 52

Abundance in food, primarily fish

Question 53

When were the foundations of science, art, and religion built?

Answer 53

Stone Age

Question 54

What were the basic to human survival in forager communities?

Answer 54

knowledge about the natural environment

Question 55

What did gathers in forager communities learn?

Answer 55

Plants that were best for food and when they were avalible

Question 56

What did successful hunting require?

Answer 56

Knowledge of the habits of game animals

Question 57

What did forager band lean to do with animal and plant parts

Answer 57

The learned to twine, build materials, dyes, and substances for medicine

Question 58

Food gatherers became food producers during what tie period?

Answer 58

The Stone Age