Chapter 1 - Foundations of Environmental Systems and Societies

Question 1

Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

Answer 1

10,000 years ago:
* Humans - farmers instead of nomadic hunter-gatherers
* Population rises
* Local resources (food, water, fuel) were managed sustainably

Question 2

Industrial Revolution

Answer 2

early 1800s:
* Population growth, resources escalated
* Large scale product of goods/services
* Burning large amounts of fuel in trees and coal
* Mining of minerals from the earth - produce metals to make machines
* Limestone - for cement production
* Land was cleared, natural waterways polluted, cities become crowded
* Urban consumer society arose

Question 3

Green Revolution

Answer 3

1940s to 1960s:
* Mechanical agriculture - boosted food production
* Building machinery, building enormous amounts of fossil fuels such as oil
* Technology - applied to agricultural
* Crop varieties were developed - fertilizer/pesticide use rose sharply
* Population grew - 3 billion
* Resource use/waste production rocketed

Question 4

Modern Environmental movement

Answer 4

1960s onwards:
* Impacts of unsustainable practices: collapsing fish stocks, endangered species, pesticide poisoning, deforestation, nuclear waste, ozone layer depletion, global warming, acid precipitation
* New breed of environmentalists with scientific backgrounds
* Greenpeace - founded in 1971
* NGO campaigning, media reporting
* Government put environmental issues on their agenda

Question 5

Nurturing EVS

Answer 5

ecocentric

Question 6

Intervening/Manipulative EVS

Answer 6

technocentric/anthropocentric

Question 7

Ecocentrist

Answer 7

puts ecology and nature as central to humanity, emphasizes self-sufficiency and a less materialistic approach

Question 8

Anthropocentric worldview

Answer 8

humans must sustainably manage the global system (taxes, environmental regulation and legislation)

Question 9

Technocentric worldview

Answer 9

technological developments can provide solutions to environmental problems

Question 10

Cornucopian

Answer 10

extreme techno centrists
sees the world as having infinite resources
free market economy

Question 11

Environmental Managers

Answer 11

stewardship worldview
ethical duty to protect and nurture the earth
use legistlation to protect it from overexploitation of resources

Question 12

Biocentric

Answer 12

life having inherent value
preserve the integrity of life and complex systems

Question 13

Deep Ecologists

Answer 13

more value on nature than humanity
extreme ecocentrist

Question 14

bio rights

Answer 14

universal rights where all species and ecosystems have an inherent value and humans have no right to interfere

Question 15

System

Answer 15

a set of inter-related parts working together to make a complex whole

Question 16

Open System

Answer 16

changes matter and energy with its surroundings

Question 17

closed system

Answer 17

exchanges energy but no matter with its environment

Question 18

isolated system

Answer 18

exchanges no energy nor matter with its environment

Question 19

transfers

Answer 19

a change in location but not a change in state

Question 20

transformations

Answer 20

a change in the chemical nature, a change in state or a change in energy