Chapter 1: Foundations Flashcards
What are the three domains?
Archaea, Eukarya, and Bacteria
What are some of the characteristics of the Eukarya domain? Archaea? Bacteria?
Eukarya have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Archaea have no nucleus but have a cell wall not present in Bacteria. Bacteria have no nucleus and no cell wall.
What are the cellular organizations of the six kingdoms? (Arcahea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae)
Archaea - Unicellular Prokaryote
Bacteria - Unicellular Prokaryote
Protista - Unicellular Eukaryote
Fungi - Uni- or Multicellular Eukaryote
Animalia - Multicellular Eukaryote
Plantae - Multicellular Eukaryote
What are each of these used to make?
Amino Acids
Monosaccharides
Nucleotides
Simple Lipids
Proteins
Complex Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Fats and Complex Lipids
What is the difference between a catabolic process and an anabolic process?
Catabolic processes break down molecules to release energy and are usually paired with ATP synthesis
Anabolic processes build up simple materials into complex structures (think anabolic steroids build muscle) and are coupled with ATP hydrolysis
What does chemical coupling allow?
Coupling an exergonic and endergonic reaction allows otherwise unfavorable reactions to proceed.
What was the likely first self-replicating molecule?
RNA
What was Stanley Miller’s experiment and what was the outcome?
He recreated the possible conditions of an early Earth with lots of energy and many of the basic elements that would have been present. After analysis, it was found that there were many organic molecules that naturally formed such as Amino Acids, Carboxylic Acids, and Nucleic Acid Bases.
What is the theory on how eukaryotes obtained the mitochondria and chloroplast?
It is thought that an early eukaryote swallowed an aerobic bacteria which was not dissolved and it allowed for aerobic respiration to be carried out. The same is thought to be true for the chloroplast which happened in a separate instance.
