Chapter 1 Foundational Aspects Of Brain Flashcards
What is the largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
3 basic components the cerebrum surrounds
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Brainstem
What 3 major structures create the CNS (central nervous system)
Brain
Brainstem
Spinal cord
What is PNS
Peripheral nervous system
What is the purpose of somatic branch of PNS
Voluntary motor movement
Purpose of Autonomic branch (ANS) OF PNS
Controls muscular & excretion activities of internal organs, blood vessels, glands (endo/exocrine)
Function of sympathetic branch
Increase HR, RR, BP, energy mobilization. Decreases digestive & reproductive function
Function of parasympathetic branch of ANS
Homeostatic, maintain HR, RR, metabolic & digestive function.
What ANS is fight or flight
Sympathetic division
What ANS is rest/digest function or restorative function
Parasympathetic
What are the 4 lobes of brain
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
What is corpus callosum
A band of axons that present bilateral in brain connecting 4 lobes of brain
What are the parts of the brain the corpus callosum connect
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
What is the purpose of ascending and descending pathways in the brain
Carry info between brain and spinal cord
An injury to the left frontal lobe may affect ______ functioning on the _____ side of body
Motor
Right
_____ is the deterioration in intellectual & cognitive functions
Dementia
________ is the disruption of language function
Aphasia
Aphasia affects what lobes of brain
Frontal & Temporal
_______ is a disturbance in the organization of voluntary action (putting on clothes)
Apraxia
_____ is disorganization of perception & recognition
Agnosia
Agnosia affects what lobe of the brain
Parietal
Define amnesia
Dysfunction of memory process
What part of brain does amnesia affect
Temporal lobe
Define alogia
Disruption of expressive language ability (poverty of speech)
What lobe(s) of brain does alogia affect
Frontal & Temporal
What is the foremost part of the cortex
Frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex)
3 major functions of frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex)
Executive or higher level cognitive function
Working memory
Personality
What & where is the motor strip of the brain
Across top, left to right, coordinates movement
What is the brains sensory strip located in the postcentral gyrus
5 senses. Provides perceptual cues to the world around us.
Injury to the ______ ______ can manifest as hallucinations or be experienced in convulsive conditions.
Sensory strip
What are the 5 senses
Auditory
Visual
Gustatory (taste)
Tactile
Olfactory
Where is the Occipital cortex and it’s responsibility
Back of head
Visual activity
What part of the brain houses the auditory process, and where is it located
Temporal cortex
Behind sensory cortex
What system plays a primitive role in triggering memories
Olfactory system
What function of the frontal lobe refers to decision making, planning, organizing, & impulse control
Executive or higher-level cognitive functioning
Frontal lobe: ______ _______ refers to attentional system that holds/manipulates info until it is transferred to long-term memory
Working memory
________ develops over the early years as a function of interplay between brain and environment
Personality
At what age does personality stabilize or change very little
Late adolescent or early adulthood
What are Broca’s area & Wernicke’s area
2 areas of the brain that play a part in language. Broca is language production. Wernicke is language comprehension
Define Broca’s aphasia
damage to the inferior frontal cortex resulting in speech difficulty
Temporal lobe functions
Hearing
Interpret language
Learning/memory
Emotional responses
The posterior temporal cortex involved in interpretation of language is?
Wernicke’s Area
Functions of Parietal lobe
Light touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, proprioception (position sense)
Define sensory agnosia
Inability to interpret sensory information dye to damage of Parietal lobe
Define Graphomotor problems
Difficulties drawing clock, copying a figure
Graphomotor problems, sensory agnosia & spatial difficulties are due to damage in the _________ lobe.
Parietal lobe
Visual agnosia & visual hallucinations are due to damage in the ________ lobe.
Occipital lobe
Give 2 examples of Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
Bradykinesia, hyperkinesia
Parkinsonism is caused by distruction of ________ neurons that project into the _______ ______ (Bundle of Nerves.)
Dopaminergic, basal ganglia
______, _______, & ________ all.suggest disease or damage to the Basal Ganglia
Bradykinesia, hyperkinesia, & hypokinesia
The Thalamus, also known as the _______ station is located where?
Relay station
Between spinal cord & cortex
The _______ transmits incoming sensory information to relevant cortical areas
Thalamus
The RAS (reticulated activating system), Brainstem & _____ help modilate arousal levels
Thalamus
The _______ is the master homeostatic center in the brain
Hypothalamus
Functions of Hypothalamus
Regulate food & fluid intake, temperature, hunger, circadian rhythm & pituitary gland.
In perceived or actual stress, the _______ responds by triggering the _______ affecting the ANS and release ______
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Epinephrine (adrenalin)
Function of Cerebellum
Movement, balance, posture
What s/s indicates Cerebellum dysfunction
Ataxia (wide-based gait), difficulties with finger to nose touch, difficulties with balance when eyes are closed
What system of the brain regulates emotion and memory
The Limbic system- “pleasure center”
What part of the brain is responsible for consolidating long-term explicit memories for facts & events
Hippocampus, “memory center”
Define neurogenesis, give an example of where in the brain this happens
An area of the brain capable of generating new neurons. The hippocampus
What part of the brain is important in considering excessive fears, emotions, & impulsively
Amygdala, “the emotional brain”
What part of the brain is critical in activation of the normal sleep-wake cycle & circadian rhythm patterns
The reticulated formation, part of the reticulated activating system
The neurotransmitter pathways are essential for modulating what 5 “M’s”
Motor control
Memory
Mood
Motivation
Metabolic state
Brain injury below level of decussation result in same or opposite side of body effects
Same side
Brain injury above decussation show what type of injury
Peripheral impairment on opposite side of body
_______ is the site of decussation in the brain
Medulla
What part of brain relays info between the Cerebellum & cerebrum
Pons
Substantia nigra
Dopamine
Locus ceruleus
Norepinephrine
Raphe nuclei
Serotonin
What are the 2 distinct brain tissue types
Glia & neurons
