Chapter 1 - Food choices + Human health Flashcards
Health
the state of a human when it functions optimally without evidence of disease or abnormality
Nutrition
the study of:
- Nutrients in food
- How nutrients are used in the body
- Human behaviours related to food
Diet
the foods + beverages a person usually consumes
Food
any substance that the body can take in and assimilate that will enable to to stay alive and healthy
Chronic disease
a long duration, degenerative disease characterized by the damage of body organs
Nutritional genomics (Nutrigenomics)
the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes & how genes affect the activity of nutrients
Nutrients
Components in food that are essential to the functioning of the body
2 groups of nutrients
Energy providing
Non-energy providing (other)
3 classes of energy providing nutrients
Carbs
fats
protein
3 classes of non-energy providing nutrients
Water
vitamins
minerals
Essential nutrients
nutrients that the body cannot make for itself (i.e. must be obtained)
8 essential amino acids
TV TILL PM
Threonine, Valine
Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine
Phenylalanine, Methionine
2 essential fatty acids
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
True or false - most vitamins are essential nutrients
True
3 fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E
1 conditional vitamin
K
True or false - all minerals are non-essential nutrients
False - all are essential
Conditionally essential nutrients
the body cannot make enough to meet the requirements for health
non-essential nutrients
the body can make for itself, does not have to rely on food intake
Calorie
amount of energy required to raise 1L of water by 1ºC
Calories in:
carbs, fats, proteins, alcohol
4, 9, 4, 7
5 characteristics of a healthy diet
Adequacy Balace Calorie control Moderation Variety
Adequacy
Diet is adequate in essential nutrients, fibre, & energy
Balance
Balance in nutrients & food types
Calorie control
foods provide amount of energy to maintain healthy body weight
Moderation
moderation in fat, salt, sugar, etc.
Variety
choosing different foods each day
Basic/ whole foods
normal foods (milk products, meats, vegetables, fruits, grains, etc.)
Enriched/ fortified foods
foods with added nutrients
Functional foods
foods that possess nutrients or non-nutrients that might protect against disease
natural foods
implies wholesomeness
Nutraceutical
products isolated from food, often sold in pill form & believed to have medicinal effects
Partitioned foods
food composed of parts of whole foods (ex. butter from milk)
Processed foods
food subjected to any process
milling, additives, cooking, texture alteration
Staple foods
foods used frequently or daily
Nutrient density
a measure of nutrients per calorie of food
blind experiment
subjects dont know if they’re in experimental or control group
case studies
study individuals in clinical settings
control group
a group who is similar to the experimental group in all ways, except receive a placebo instead of the real treatment
epidemiological studies
study of populations
intervention study
studies of populations in which experimental manipulation of some individuals has taken place (ex. half of subjects)
laboratory studies
studies under tightly controlled conditions
used to study cause and effects, often use animals
randomized controlled trials (RCT)/ clinical trials
subjects are placed in experimental/ control group in random fashion (no bias)
Advertorials
long ads that read like feature articles
anecdotal evidence
info based on interesting/ entertaining personal accounts of events (not scientific)
nutritional fraud/ quackery
promotion of something for financial gain
claims to alter human condition without any proof for safety or effectiveness
infomercials
feature-length television commercials that follow the format of regular programs but are intended to convince people to buy stuff
urban legends
stories, usually false, that gain strength by repetition
Nutritionist
non-regulated term, person may not have formal training
Registered dietitian (RD)
regulated by law, member of a provincial regulatory body
4 year undergrad degree + 8-12 month practicum + Canadian Dietetic Registration Exam
dietetic technician
person who has completed 2 year academic degree + dietetic technician program
Dieticians of Canada
professional organization for Canada
Medical nutrition therapy
nutrition services used in the treatment of injury, illness, etc.
public health nutritionist
RD with an advanced degree in nutrition who specializes in public health
