Chapter 1—First Peoples; First Farmers: Most of History in a Single Chapter, to 4000 B.C.E.

Question 1

out of africa to the ends of the earth: the first migrations – most important

Answer 1

homo sapiens emerge 250,000 years ago in Africa - Remain there exclusively for 150,000 years

Question 2

Out of africa to the ends of the earth: the first migrations –Important

Answer 2

technological innovation = stone tools

Question 3

out of africa to the ends of the earth: the first migrations – less important

Answer 3

100,000 - 60,000 years ago - homo sapiens begin migration out of africa

Question 4

into eurasia: 1 (most important)

Answer 4

into the middle east 45,000 years ago

Question 5

into eurasia: 2 (important)

Answer 5

early evidence of eurasian settlement comes from france and spain

Question 6

into eurasia: 2 (less important)

Answer 6

new technologies developed in Russia - tools from bone, furs, etc…

Question 7

into australia: 1

Answer 7

60,000 years ago from indonesia -boats carrying crops and food

Question 8

into australia: 2

Answer 8

believed in dreamtime

Question 9

into australia: 3

Answer 9

major communication and exchange among peoples

Question 10

into the americas: 1

Answer 10

30,000 - 15,000 years ago

Question 11

into the americas: 2

Answer 11

clovis culture - known for clovis projectile point - disapears

Question 12

into the americas: 3

Answer 12

cultural diversity as interactions occur after last ice age

Question 13

into the pacific: 1

Answer 13

last settlement 3,500 years ago

Question 14

into the pacific: 2

Answer 14

boat migration

Question 15

into the pacific: 3

Answer 15

was a quick migration over long distances

Question 16

the first human societies: 1

Answer 16

lived in small bands of 20-25 people usually based o kinship

Question 17

the first human societies: 2

Answer 17

societies = highly egalitarian

Question 18

the first human societies: 3

Answer 18

had clearly defined rules - men hunted while women gathered - strict rules on meat distribution

Question 19

economy and the environment: 1

Answer 19

hunter gatherers used to be seen as primitive

Question 20

economy and the environment: 2

Answer 20

modern studies show - worked fewer hours, needed little

Question 21

economy and the environment: 3

Answer 21

altered environments - set fires to clear land and encourage plant growth, hunting causes large animal extinction

Question 22

the realm of the spirit: 1

Answer 22

rich ceremonial life

Question 23

the realm of the spirit: 2

Answer 23

peoples held a variety of beliefs

Question 24

the realm of the spirit: 3

Answer 24

venus figurines show that spiritual life could have been strongly femenine

Question 25

settling down: the great transition 1

Answer 25

change was gradual as populations grew and people increased

Question 26

settling down: the great transition 2

Answer 26

settlement lead to societal change - becomes larger and more complex

Question 27

settling down: the great transition 3

Answer 27

occurred in many areas at relatively the same time 12,000 - 4,000 years ago

Question 28

breakthrough to agriculture 1

Answer 28

agriculture = 2nd greatest human process after settlement

Question 29

breakthrough to agriculture 2

Answer 29

brought new relationships between humans and other living things

Question 30

breakthrough to agriculture 3

Answer 30

domestication of plants and animals

Question 31

breakthrough to agriculture: common patterns 1

Answer 31

happened independently in different parts of the world

Question 32

breakthrough to agriculture: common patterns 2

Answer 32

began after the end of the last ice age

Question 33

breakthrough to agriculture: common patterns 3

Answer 33

peoples began to establish permanent villages

Question 34

breakthrough to agriculture: variations 1

Answer 34

depended on where plants and animals were available

Question 35

breakthrough to agriculture: variations 2

Answer 35

fertile crescent becomes 1st agricultural society

Question 36

breakthrough to agriculture: variations 3

Answer 36

domestication and agriculture happened at the same time

Question 37

the globalization of agriculture: 1

Answer 37

spread 2 ways

Question 38

the globalization of agriculture: 2

Answer 38

diffusion - without much human population

Question 39

the globalization of agriculture: 3

Answer 39

colonization of migration

Question 40

the globalization of agriculture: triumph and resistance 1

Answer 40

language and culture spread

Question 41

the globalization of agriculture: triumph and resistance 2

Answer 41

globalization of agriculture took 10,000 years

Question 42

the globalization of agriculture: triumph and resistance 3

Answer 42

gathering and hunting peoples were small minority of humankind

Question 43

the culture of agriculture: 1

Answer 43

lead to much greater populations

Question 44

the culture of agriculture: 2

Answer 44

farming did not necessarily improve life

Question 45

the culture of agriculture: 3

Answer 45

explosion of technological innovations

Question 46

social variation in the age of agriculture took place in 3 forms:

Answer 46

agricultural village society, pastoral societies, chiefdoms

Question 47

pastoral societies

Answer 47

relied on animals because farming was difficult

Question 48

where did pastoral societies exist?

Answer 48

central asia, arabia, saharan africa

Question 49

what was the social structure of pastoral societies:

Answer 49

relative equality