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Basic Ophthalmology > Chapter 1 - Eye Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Eye Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors in ocular disease when taking Hx

A

FH (blindness, glaucoma, ocular tumor, RD, strabismus, MD) Poor vision, Eye trauma, Medical history (DM, HTN, Thyroid, RA, Malignancy)

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2
Q

Eyelids

A

Outer structure protect and lubricate ocular surface, tarsal plate + meibomian gland, join medial and lateral canthi. Space is PALPEBRAL FISSURE

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3
Q

Cornea

A

transparent front “window”, serves as major refractive surface

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4
Q

Sclera

A

Thick outer coat eye, white and opaque

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5
Q

Limbus

A

Junction between cornea, sclera

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6
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin vascular mucous membrane covering inner aspect eyelids (PALPEBRAL conjunctiva) and sclera (BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA)

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7
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Space lies between cornea anteria and iris posteriorly. Contains AQUEOUS HUMOR

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8
Q

Iris

A

colored part screens out light via pigmented epithelium, which lines posterior surface

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9
Q

Pupil

A

Circular opening center of iris adjusts light entering eye. Size determined by P and S innervation

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10
Q

Ciliary body

A

Produces aqueous humor. Contration of ciliary muscle changes tension on zonular fibers that suspend lens.

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11
Q

Posterior Chamber

A

Small space filled with aqueous humor behind iris and in front of anterior lens capsule

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12
Q

Vitreous cavity

A

Large space (4.5 cc) behind lens extends to retina. Filled with transparent jelly-like material called VITREOUS HUMOR

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13
Q

Optic Disc

A

Optic nerve visible within the eye, axons whose cell bodies are located in the GANGLION cell layer of retina

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14
Q

Retina

A

Neural tissue lining vitreous cavity posteriorly. Essentially transparent except for BV on inner surface. Sends signals to brain via optic nerve.

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15
Q

Fundus

A

Also known as retinal fundus = RETINA + MACULA + CHOROID + OPTIC DISC

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16
Q

Macula

A

area of retina at posterior pole of eye responsible for fine central vision.

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17
Q

Fovea

A

Oval depression in center of macula responsible for fine central vision

18
Q

Choroid

A

Vascular, pigmented tissue layer between sclera and retina. Provides blood supply for outer retinal layers.

19
Q

Make up refractive surfaces of eye

A

Cornea and lens. Cornea provides 2/3 of refractive power. Lens provides 1/3 refractive power.

20
Q

Hyperopia

A

Axial length of eye is too short, also called hypermetropia

21
Q

Myopia

A

Axial length of the eye is too LONG for the refracting power of lens and cornea.

22
Q

Astigmatism

A

Reduced visual acuity if refracting power of cornea and lens is different in one meridian than another.

23
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability of ciliary muscle to contract and lens to become more CONVEX.

24
Q

Presbyopia

A

Decreased ability to focus on near objects, distance visual acuity remains normal. Due to progressive hardening of lense and loss of ability to change its shape.

25
Q

Visual acuity

A

measurement of smallest object a person can identify at a given distance from the eye

26
Q

OD

A

oculus dexter (right eye)

27
Q

OS

A

oculus sinister (left eye)

28
Q

OU

A

oculus uterque (both eyes)

29
Q

Visual acuity impairment vs. visual disability

A

visual impairment describes condition of eyes. Visual disability describes a condition of the individual. Ability to adapt and compensate. two individauls with same visual impairment measured on snellen eye chart may show different levels of functional disability.

30
Q

Normal vision

A

20/12 to 20/25

31
Q

Near-normal vision

A

20/30 to 20/70 (able to get DL)

32
Q

Moderate low vision

A

20/80 to 20/160

33
Q

Severe low vision

A

Legal blindness 20/200 to 20/400 or counting fingers CF at 10 feet. Legal blindness by US definition. Gross orientation and mobility adequate

34
Q

Profound low vision

A

CF 8 feet to 4 feet. Long cane useful

35
Q

Near-total blindness

A

Less than CF 4 feet. Must rely on nonvisual aids

36
Q

NLP

A

Total blindness. No light perception; must rely entirely on other senses.

37
Q

Red reflex

A

light reflected off fundus produces red reflex when viewed through the ophthalmoscope at a distance of 1 foot. Evenly colored, not interrupted by shadows, clear.

38
Q

Physiological cup

A

Central whitish depression in surface of disc. Yardstick of ocular fundus. Lesions seen measured in disc diameters (1.5 mm)

39
Q

Normal vein to artery diameter

A

3:2. Arteries are lighter with more prominent light reflex than veins. Follow arteries from disc and veins back to disc in each quadrant noting AV crossing patterns.

40
Q

Foveolar reflex

A

light reflection produced from central depression of fovea, acting as concave mirror during ophthalmoscopy.

41
Q

Next step with unexplained decrease in vision in one or both eyes

A

referral to ophthalmologist

Basic Ophthalmology (4 decks)

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