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Behavior Genetics > Chapter 1 (EXTENSIVE) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (EXTENSIVE) Flashcards

Combination of book notes and lectures for an extensive study deck.

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who was Locke?

A

Believed our experiences make us.

“Blank Slate.”

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2
Q

When was the field of BG established?

A

1960’s

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3
Q

Who was Charles Darwin?

A

Made contributions in the late 1800s.

Studied natural selection & morphological traits.

Behavior is a driving force of evolution.

Created a strong argument of non-human models (shared evolutionary history).

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4
Q

Who was Francis Galton?

A

“Father of BG”

Was one of the 1st to study twins.
Believed nature prevails when nurture is within the same rank.

Had many flaws in his study designs.

Coined the term eugenics.

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5
Q

Identical vs Fraternal Twins

A

Fraternal - 2 sperm, 2 eggs. Dizygotic.

Identical - 1 sperm, 1 egg. Monozygotic.

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6
Q

Another name for the modern dog?

A

Canis Lupus Familiaris

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7
Q

Why are dogs useful as non-human animal models?

A

Some canine genetic disorders can serve as models for:
Cancer, OCD, narcolepsy, Alzheimer’s, or behaviors like aggression and anxiety.

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8
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

Developed the models of inheritance and Mendelian genetics.

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9
Q

Who was T.H. Morgan?

A

He studied fruit flies using Mendelian genetics.

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10
Q

What non-human animal models made the largest contributions?

A

Fruit flies (T.H. Morgan), mice, rats.

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11
Q

Reliable vs Valid

A

Reliable - Consistently getting similar results.

Valid - Measuring what you mean to measure.

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12
Q

Commonly used measurements for behavior in HUMANS:

A
  1. Self-reporting.
  2. Reaction-time and tracking their gaze (cognitive).
  3. Neuro-imaging or hormonal responses.
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13
Q

Commonly used measurements for behavior in NON-HUMANS:

A
  1. Spontaneous activity (running wheel).
  2. Beverage preferences.
  3. Attack latency (resident-intruder paradigm).
  4. Depression (forced-swim test).
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14
Q

What is Galton’s motto for measuring behaviors?

A

“Whenever you can, count.”

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15
Q

How many genetic differences are there between 2 UNrelated people?

A

About 6 million.

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16
Q

Define Typological Thinking

A

The idea that trait variation in a population deviates from some ideal time.

Sorts people into categories.

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17
Q

Define Population Thinking

A

The idea that trait variation is normal.

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18
Q

Define Levels of Analysis

A

Individual differences could be a result of variation at certain points along the pathway from molecules –> society.

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19
Q

What are the levels of analysis?

A

Biological, social, and culture.
Can be broken down further.

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20
Q

What are the 3 main questions in BG?

A

(1) Are genetic differences associated with individual differences in behavior?
(2) Which genetic differences are associated with individual differences in behavior?
(3) What are the mechanisms by which genetic differences are associated with individual differences in behavior? (Levels of Analysis).

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21
Q

BG Main Question 1: What era did it dominate? What was its main focus?

A

Dominated the twentieth century.

Focus - Examining if there was an associated between genetic similarity and behavioral similarity.

22
Q

BG Main Question 2: What era does it represent? What are some of the findings/conclusions?

A

Represents our current era (twenty-first century).

Findings - Isolating the effects of a single genetic variation tends to oversimply it.

23
Q

BG Main Question 3: When was it studied? What was its focus?

A

We are currently investigating this.

Focus - Molecular mechanisms.

24
Q

Define Molecular Mechanisms

A

Variation in components of the biological pathways that helps to understand the causes of individual differences in behavior.

25
Q

What is convergent evidence?

A

Findings from research conducted with different methods or species that support the same conclusion.

26
Q

What are some biological advances that have been made due to non-human models?

A

Antibiotics
Sterile surgery techniques
Blood transfusions
Vaccines
Heart bypass surgeries

27
Q

Define Mutagenesis

A

Generation of new mutations.

Done so with x-rays, chemicals, or molecular biological techniques.

28
Q

Reasons to use non-human models?

A
  1. We share an evolutionary history.
  2. Able to control factors (genes & environment).
  3. Provides a starting point for further research.
29
Q

Similarities with fruit flies and humans?

A

Most genes that are thought to play a role in human diseases are found in fruit flies.

Share NT’s (serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine).

30
Q

Similarities with mice and humans?

A

Almost all genes from humans can also be found in mice.

Share anatomical similarities and basic circuits and systems.

31
Q

Define Vivisection

A

Practice of conducting surgery on live animals for research.

32
Q

Why is it hard to generalize results from non-human animal models to humans?

A
  1. There are more than 1 factors that play a role in behavior.
  2. Hard to study certain things (ex. substance abuse) when the animals don’t experience it themselves.
33
Q

What was the ethical oversight like in the middle of the twentieth century?

A

There was none, it was up to the research to decide if it was ethical or not.

34
Q

Define IACUC and its acronym

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Group that oversees research with non-human animals.

35
Q

What are the review protocols of IACUC?

A
  1. Must be reviewed at least once every 3 years.
  2. Inspect all animal research and housing facilities every 6 months.
36
Q

What are the board requirements of IACUC?

A
  1. Minimum of 5 members: researchers, non-scientists, and someone not affilitated with the institution.
  2. Includes a veterinarian.
37
Q

Who does the IACUC report to?

A

NIH OLAW (Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare)

38
Q

What happens with repeated violations to IACUC?

A

Loss of funding or even a halt to research funding at an ENTIRE institution.

39
Q

What are the research approval protocols of IACUC

There is seven.

A
  1. Justify # of animals used.
  2. Species is appropriate for question.
  3. Avoid or minimize pain/discomfort/stress.
  4. Good housing and testing conditions.
  5. Personnel must be properly trained.
  6. Medical care by a veterinarian is available.
  7. Use best practitecs for euthenasia.
40
Q

Does IACUC have exceptions?

A

Yes, for things such as pain studies.

41
Q

Define IRBs and its acronym

A

Institutional Review Boards

Group that oversees research with humans.

42
Q

What are some cases/events that lead to the need for IRBs?

A
  1. Nazi’s conducting research on prisoners in concentration camps.
  2. Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment.
  3. Milgram’s Obedience Study.
  4. Stanford Prison Experiment.
43
Q

What are the board requirements of IRBs?

A

At least 5 members: at least 1 scientist and 1 non-scientist.

44
Q

What are the research approval protocols for IRBs?

There is five.

A
  1. Risk is minimized and benefits outweigh the costs.
  2. Random selection of participants (no discrimination).
  3. Informed consent and properly told what will occur.
  4. Privacy and confidentiality.
  5. Right to end participation at any time.
45
Q

What happens with repeated violations to IRBs?

A

Study being shut down and/or loss of funding.

46
Q

How new is the IACUC and IRB era?

A

Only been about 40 years.

47
Q

Who were Watson & Crick? What year were they important?

A

1953
Gave a description of DNA’s structure and its role in hereditary material.

48
Q

Who was Cary Mullis? When were they important?

A

1985
Developed PCR

49
Q

What was the Human Genome Project? When was it important?

A

1990-2003
Development of tools for sequencing; computation.
Huge time of research on mapping the genome.

50
Q

Who was Alfred Binet and Lewis Terman? When were they important?

A

Early 1900s
Developed intelligence tests.

51
Q

When was neuroimaging used in BG?

A

Early 1990s

Behavior Genetics (4 decks)

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