Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CSCS Exam > Chapter 1 - Exercise Science > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Exercise Science Flashcards

1
Q

What does Neuromuscular anatomy cover?

A

The parts of the body which are affected by exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Motor units are a combination of what?

A

Muscle fibers and a motor neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True of False:

A single motor unit contains several kinds of muscle fibers.

A

FALSE.

A SINGLE motor unit contains a SINGLE kind of muscle fiber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Motor units are divided into what?

A

Type I and Type II motor units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Type I motor units are more what than Type II?

A

Smaller and more easily recruited.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type II motor units are divided into what?

A

Type IIa and Type IIx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type IIx are the _______ _________ activated when under stress.

A

Type IIx are the LAST FIBERS activated when under stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Muscle fibers are mainly divided into what?

A

Type I and Type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Type I muscle fibers are also known as ______-_______ ________.

A

Type I muscle fibers are also known as SLOW-TWITCH FIBERS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Slow-twitch fibers (Type I) are useful for ________ exercise because of what?

A

Type I muscle fibers are useful for AEROBIC exercise because THEY DO NOT TIRE QUICKLY.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type muscle fiber have a large capacity for supplying aerobic energy?

A

Type I muscle fibers have a large capacity for supplying aerobic energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Type I muscle fibers have a low capacity for what?

A

Type I muscle fibers have a low capacity for ANAEROBIC POWER.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Type I muscle fibers active and contract ________.

A

Type I muscle fibers activate and contract SLOWLY.

Because of this, they don’t produce much rapid fire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Type IIa and Type IIx are types of Type II what?

A

Types of motor units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a third name for Type I fibers besides slow-twitch fibers?

A

Another name for Type I fibers is SLOW OXIDATIVE FIBERS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What fiber is also called fast-twitch fibers?

A

Type II muscle fibers are called fast-twitch fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type muscle fiber gets tired quickly and, therefore, are not useful for aerobic capacity?

A

Type II muscle fibers get tired quickly and are not useful for aerobic capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which muscle fiber produces rapid force?

Ex. Needed when sprinting.

A

Type II muscle fibers help with rapid force production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which muscle fiber type is broken down into 2 categories?

A

Type II muscle fibers are broken down into two categories.

Just like Type II motor units are broke down into two types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which type II muscle fiber fatigues less quickly than the other?

A

Type IIb muscle fiber fatigues less quickly than type IIa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why does type IIb muscle fiber fatigue slower than type IIa?

A

Type IIb muscle fiber fatigues less quickly thank Type IIa DUE TO MORE CAPILLARIES AND GREATER BLOOD FLOW.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is another name for Type IIa muscle fibers?

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is another name for Type IIb muscle fibers?

A

Fast glycolytic fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True of False.

The Golgi tendon organ is an important part of the muscles.

A

TRUE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The Golgi tendon organ is an important part of the muscles because what?

A

It is assumed that the Golgi tendon organ serves a protective function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the Golgi tendon organ found?

A

The Golgi tendon organ is found where the muscle and tendon connect to bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the job of the Golgi tendon organ?

A

The Golgi tendon organ tells the body when too much force is placed on a muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When too much force is placed on a muscle, the Golgi tendon organ does what?

A

The Golgi tendon organ sends a message which causes the central nervous system to send impulses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When the Golgi tendon organ sends a message which cause impulses, where do they go and what do they tell them to do?

A

The impulses go to the agonist muscle telling it to relax and to the antagonist muscle telling it to activate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The action of the Golgi tendon organ likely reduces what?

A

The frequency and severity of injuries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Muscle spindles are similar to the Golgi tendon organ how?

A

They both have sensory functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The muscle spindles’ sensory organs observe changes in muscle _______ and initiate a motor response if __________ happens too quickly.

A

The muscle spindles’ sensory organs observe changes in muscle LENGTH and initiate a motor response if ELONGATION happens too quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When a stretch occurs too quickly, the muscle spindles cause what to happen?

A

The muscle spindles cause the elongated muscle to contract.

This is why people perform static stretching slowly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Motor unit recruitment patters show how motor units react to what?

A

Motor unit recruitment patters show how motor units react to exercise stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The nervous system controls the number of __________ ______ recruited.

A

The nervous system controls the number of MOTOR UNITS recruited.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

True of False.

To force the nervous system to activate all of most of the motor units in a muscle, a person must life equal to or close to their one rep max.

A

TRUE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Besides the number of motor units recruited, motor unit recruitment patterns cover what?

A

Motor unit recruitment patterns cover the order of activation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The size principle of motor unit recruitment is what?

A

The size principle of motor unit recruitment is when type 1 then type 2 motor units are recruited because of stress on the muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The amount of force s perdon produces is determined by two parts:

A

Active contractile and passive contractile components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Passive contractile components are also known as what?

A

Non-contractile components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Passive (or non-contractile) contractile components begin to exert resistive tension once what happens?

A

It begins to exert resistive tension once the muscle is stretched past its resting length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What describes total force production considering both the active and passive components?

A

Summation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are impulses?

A

Impulses are how the body controls muscles and movements by sending electrical signals containing commands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Impulses travel along what?

A

Impulses travel along nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The efficiency of ____________ _______________ affects efficiency of movement and muscle recruitment.

A

The efficiency of NERVE CONDUCTION affects efficiency of movement and muscle recruitment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the flow of energy to biological systems?

A

Bioenergetics is the flow of energy to biological systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the most important aspect of bioenergetics?

A

The metabolization of food is the most important part

48
Q

Bioenergetics involved how the body ___________ adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores in skeletal muscle.

A

Bioenergetics involved how the body REPLENISHES adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores in skeletal muscle.

49
Q

What are the three basics energy systems that provide the body with energy during exercise?

A
  • phosphogen energy system
  • glycolytic energy system
  • oxidative energy system
50
Q

The Phosphogen energy system creates energy mainly for what kind of activity involving short bursts of high-intensity?

A

It creates energy mainly for anaerobic activity

51
Q

In the phosphogen energy system, when the body’s ATP is depleted, what does the body turn to to make more ATP?

A

The body turns to phosphocreatine (PC) to rephosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with creative kinase to make more ATP.

52
Q

What energy system creates ATP for for fuel during high-intensity anaerobic exercise lasting a few minutes instead of a few seconds?

A

The Glycolytic energy system creates ATP for long lasting high-intensity anaerobic activity.

53
Q

What does the glycolytic energy system break down to create ATP?

A

It breaks down glucose.

54
Q

Glucose is a type of ________________ broken down into its simplest sugar form.

A

Broken down carbohydrate

55
Q

Pyruvic acid and lactic acid are byproducts of what process?

A

They are a byproduct of the glycolytic energy system

56
Q

An accumulation of lactic acid causes what in the muscles during exercise?

A

It causes a burning sensation in the muscles during exercise.

57
Q

What causes people to experience enough muscle pain and fatigue to impair their exercise ability?

A

Enough lactic acid accumulating to reach the lactate threshold.

58
Q

What energy system provides fuel when the body is at rest and during longer periods of physical activity?

A

Oxidative energy system

59
Q

Another name for oxidative energy system is what and why is it called that?

A

Aerobic oxidative system is another name for it because it provides energy during aerobic workouts.

60
Q

The oxidative energy system relies on the _____________ ___________ to transport oxygen needed for the conversion.

A

The oxidative energy system relies on the circulatory system to transport oxygen needed for the conversion.

61
Q

The oxidative system creates ATP using what three things?

A

It creates ATP using fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

62
Q

What are the three stages to the aerobic oxidative energy system’s process?

A

Stage 1 - bets oxidation
Stage 2 - Keene cycle
Stage 3 - electron transport chain (ETC)

63
Q

What is the beta oxidation stage of the aerobic oxidative energy system?

A

It is when fatty acids are modified to produce a substance known as acetyl-CoA. Hydrogen atoms are made, as well.

64
Q

What happens in The Krebs cycle (stage 2 of oxidative energy system)?

A

Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle which is a series of reactions that make ATP.

65
Q

What is the third stage of aerobic oxidative energy system?

A

The Electron Transport Chain

66
Q

Name the five training variables.

A
  1. Mode
  2. Intensity
  3. Duration
  4. Volume
  5. Rest periods
67
Q

What is the training variable ‘mode’ ?

A

Mode is the type of physical activity.

68
Q

What is the training variable ‘intensity’ ?

A

Intensity is the difficulty level of physical activity.

69
Q

What is the training variable ‘duration’ and what are its three categories?

A

Duration is the amount of time spent exercising and is divided into short, medium, and long durations.

70
Q

What is the training variable ‘volume’ ?

A

Volume is used for weight training and is the amount of weight lifted multiples by the number of reps (lbs X reps)

71
Q

What is the training variable ‘work-to-rest ratio’ ?

A

The work-to-rest radio is the length of exercise compared to the length of recovery time.

72
Q

There are two types of hormones. What are they?

A
  1. Steroid hormones

2. Protein and peptide hormones

73
Q

Steroid hormones include what two hormones?

A

Steroid hormones include hormones from both male and female. Testosterone and estrogen.

74
Q

Hormones are necessary for what?

A

They are necessary for muscle growth.

75
Q

What does protein and peptide hormones include? (2 types)

A

It includes growth hormones and insulin.

76
Q

True of False. Testosterone, growth hormones, and insulin promote muscle growth.

A

TRUE.

77
Q

Exercise affects the concentration of what?

A

Exercise affects the concentration of hormones.

78
Q

Man who engage in resistance training have increased concentrations of what in their muscles?

A

They have an increased concentration of testosterone which stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle.

79
Q

Exercise stimulates production of testosterone and what else?
What does this enhance?

A

Stimulates the production of epinephrine and it enhances carbohydrate and day breakdown.

80
Q

Epinephrine also assists exercise because it creates a what?

A

It creates a positive response on the central nervous system, better activating motor units.

81
Q

When considering endocrine, what type of rest and training volume causes a greater response?

A

Short rest and high training volume causes greater endocrine responses.

82
Q

Biomechanics is understanding what?

A

Biomechanics is understanding movement in a functional way as it relates to physical activity.

83
Q

What is momentum?

A

Momentum is the natural movement that happens when someone swings their body.

84
Q

Does momentum help or hinder resistance training and why?

A

Momentum hinders resistance training because it reduces the amount of work put in by the target muscle group which reduces the benefit of the exercise.

85
Q

What two variables define momentum?

A

Mass and speed.

86
Q

What is torque?

A

Torque is defined as the force needed for rotation.

87
Q

What is work defined as when discussing biomechanics?

A

Work is the amount of force s muscle must produce to move something.
Work = force X distance

88
Q

What is force?

A

When the muscle activates, it exerts force.

89
Q

What is the center of gravity on a person?

A

The center of gravity is the average location of s person’s or object’s weight.

90
Q

What is the formula for mechanical impulse?

A

Mechanical impulse = force X time

91
Q

What is the center of pressure?

A

The center of pressure refers to the pressure a person places on a supporting surface.

92
Q

What a force-velocity curve?

A

It is a linear representation of the maximum amount of force a muscle exerts at a specific velocity.

93
Q

What are the three anatomical planes of movement?

A
  1. Sagittal
  2. Frontal
  3. Transverse
94
Q

What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?

A

The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves.

95
Q

What does the frontal plane divide the body into?

A

The frontal plane divides the body into front and back portions.

96
Q

What does the transverse plane divide the body into and what is another name for it?

A

The transverse plane, or horizontal plane, divides the body into top and bottom halves.

97
Q

What are isometric contractions?

A

Isometric (iso - isolate) contractions are the only exercise type where the joint does NOT move.

98
Q

True of False.

Isometric contractions are the same as isotonic and isokinetic contractions.

A

FALSE. Isotonic and isokinetic contractions both involve movement.

99
Q

Describe isotonic contraction.

A

Isotonic contractions occur when the joint angle changes and the muscle length changes but the muscle tension remains constant.

100
Q

Most resistance training is considered what kind of contraction?

A

Most resistance training is considered isotonic.

101
Q

Isokinetic contractions require what?

A

Isokinetic contractions require a constant velocity during weight lifting.

102
Q

Isokinetic training is often used for what?

A

Isokinetic training is used during rehabilitation.

103
Q

Name the five roles of muscles during movement.

A
  1. Agonist
  2. Antagonist
  3. Synergist
  4. Neutralizer
  5. Stabilizer
104
Q

What is the agonist muscle during movement?

A

The agonist (a comes first like a main character or in this case a main muscle) is the prime mover. It is the main muscle responsible for a concentric, eccentric, or isometric contraction.

105
Q

What is the antagonist muscle during movement?

A

The antagonist muscle is the muscle opposite of the prime moving muscle. Ex. - the tricep is the antagonist to the bicep during curls.

106
Q

What are the synergist muscles during movement?

A

The synergist muscles are the smaller muscles that assist with the movement at the joint and contract at the same time as the agonist muscle.

107
Q

What is the job of a neutralizer muscle during movement?

A

A neutralizer muscle acts as a partial antagonist to limit movement at the joint.

108
Q

What does a stabilizer muscle do during movement?

A

A stabilizer muscle provides support at the joint during movement.

109
Q

What kind of training should younger athletes focus on?

A

Younger athletes should focus on general athletic training rather than sport specific training in order to build a strong foundation of athletic tools for the future.

110
Q

Adolescent and adult athletes should focus on what kind of training?

A

The should focus on sport specific training at this age.

111
Q

What type of training should older athletes focus on?

A

Older athletes should focus on maintaining strength, flexibility, and skill.

112
Q

What could help older athletes prevent injuries?

A

Longer warm-ups and cool-downs with increased stretching could help prevent inquiry.

113
Q

True or False.

Women do not usually respond as much as men do to resistance training in terms of hypertrophy.

A

TRUE.
Women also tend to have high heart rates than men when performing at similar intensities because of women having a smaller left ventricle mass than men.

114
Q

Women often outperform men in what kind of activities?

A

Ultra-endurance

115
Q

Women generally experience what kind of injuries more than men?

A

Women experience more ankle and wrist injuries than men.

116
Q

Untrained people show a greater improvement when doing what kind of training?

A

Resistance training has the greatest results with untrained people.

CSCS Exam (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions