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Biology Lecture Class > Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Biology defined as:

A

the study of life

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2
Q

Define the following terms:
1.Cells-
2. Organisms:

A
  1. smallest/ most basic unit of life
  2. all living things.
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3
Q

What are unicellular and multicellular organisms:

A

Unicellular- single-celled organisms (bacteria)
Multicellular- multiple celled organisms (humans)

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4
Q

Characteristics of life:

A
  1. composed of cells.
  2. organized: uses smaller structures to make bigger structures
  3. respond to the change in environment
  4. Maintain homeostasis
  5. able to reproduce
  6. energy acquisition from environment
  7. contain genetic info (DNA)
  8. Ability to evolve/adapt
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5
Q

What criteria must be met in order for an organism or creature to be considered alive:

A

Must exhibit all 8 properties of life.
Creatures who exhibit potential for life are not considered alive

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6
Q

Define the following terms:
Evolution:
DNA:

A
  1. changes to the DNA of a population over long periods of time.
  2. genetic material of life found in all living organisms.
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7
Q

Are viruses considered alive, why or why not?

A

No, because they don’t exhibit all the properties of life

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8
Q

List life’s organizational Hierarchy from smallest to largest:

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecules
  3. Organelles
  4. Cells
  5. Tissues
  6. Organ
  7. Organ system
  8. Multicellular organism
    9.Population
  9. Community
  10. Ecosystem
  11. Biosphere
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9
Q

Define the following parts of the organizational hierarchy of life:
1. Atom:
2. Molecules:
3. Organelles:
4. Cells:
5. Tissues:
6. Organs:

A
  1. anything that takes up space and has mass
  2. a combination of atoms (water= 2 hydrogen atoms+ oxygen atom)
  3. specialized structures within cells (not considered alive)
  4. organelles coming together (unicellular)
  5. cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform a particular function
  6. a group of tissues performing a specific function.
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10
Q

Define the following parts of the organizational hierarchy of life:
7. Organ system
8. Multicellular organism
9. Population
10. Community
11. Ecosystem
12. Biosphere

A
  1. a group of organs working together to perform a specific function.
  2. an individual form of life composed of many cells
  3. Organisms of the same species living in the same area.
  4. multiple populations of different species living in the same area. (only living)
  5. living and non- living surroundings in the area.( mountains, etc.
  6. all of the different ecosystems on earth that support life
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11
Q

What is the biological term for living and nonliving things:

A

Biotic= living
Abiotic= non- living

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12
Q

What is an emergent property and when does it happen?

A

properties that arise upon combining smaller parts together. Only when smaller parts are combined does the emergent property arise.

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13
Q

What happens at each level of the hierarchy?

A

an emergent property arises

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14
Q

Explain the process of emergent properties?

A

prior to combining, the individual parts or organelles are not considered alive because they don’t display all the properties of life. However, when combined together in a very specific and organized manner, you get a complete cell = emergent property to arise that wasn’t possible before the combination: life

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15
Q

Define Adaptation:

A

process that enables organisms to improve survival and reproduction chances in their environments

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16
Q

What is Fitness in the biological sense:

A

an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

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17
Q

What is natural selection/ survival of the fittest?

A

causes adaptation. is when the natural environment selects for organisms in a population that are more fit.

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18
Q

What are the two requirements for natural selection:

A
  1. genetic diversity within a population
  2. selective pressure for heritable traits affecting fitness.
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19
Q

What is one way in which evolution can occur?

A

through natural selection

20
Q

What is evolution?

A

is the process in which a population undergoes BIG changes over long periods of times leading to the development of a new species.

21
Q
A
22
Q

What is taxonomy:

A

branch of science that deals with classifying, identifying, and naming organisms.

23
Q

What are the 8 categories used to classify all life?

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Great Soup
D- Domain
K- kingdom
P- phylum
C- class
O- order
F- family
G- genus
S- species

24
Q

What is a domain and what are the 3 domains of life?

A

is the most inclusive category used to classify life.
1. Bacteria.
2. Archaea.
3. Eukarya

25
Q

What is the defining feature of the bacteria and archea domain of life and what does it consist of?

A

they lacks a nucleus. consists of prokaryotic cells

26
Q

what is a prokroyote?

A

single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

27
Q

What is the defining feature of the eukarya domain of life and what do it consist of?

A

consist of euokyrtic cells, and contain a nucleus

28
Q

How did the three domains of life emerge?

A

through evolution and natural selection,

29
Q

State whether the following is uni or multicellualar:
1. Prokaryote:
2. Eukaryotes:

A
  1. unicellular organisms
  2. contain some unicellular organisms and all multicellular organisms.
30
Q

What are kingdoms of the eukarya domain and do they contain multicellular or unicellular organisms.

A
  1. Kingdom animalia- multicellular
    ex- humans, tigers, etc
  2. Kindgom Plantae- multicellular animals
    ex- flowers, plants, etc.
  3. kingdom fungi- mostly multicellular
    ex- mushrooms
  4. Protista- uni/multicellular
31
Q

What are protists?

A

diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that do not fit neatly into the categories of plants, animals, or fungi

32
Q

What are the 3 classes of organisms based on energy acquisition?

A
  1. Producer (autotrophs)- make their own food
  2. Consumer- (heterotroph)- eat other organisms.
  3. Decomposers- decomposing other organisms (waste, dead)
33
Q

Where does most of the energy utilized by life come from?

A

the sun

34
Q

What happens during every energy transfer, briefly describe the process?

A

with every energy transfer, part of that energy is lost in the form of heat.
EX- produces take energy from the sun and in that process heat is lost, and then consumers eat producers, and energy is transferred therefore resulting in another heat transfer, and the same happens when energy transfers to decomposers.

35
Q

Define the scientific method, what does it start with?

A

are procedures used to answer questions, test ideas, and gain scientific knowledge
it starts with an observation/ question

36
Q

List the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. make an observation
  2. ask a question
  3. formulate a hypothesis and make a prediction
  4. Design/ conduct an experiment
  5. collect/ interpret data
  6. Draw conclusions (accept or reject initial hypothesis)
  7. Peer review and publish
37
Q

Define the following terms:
1. Prediction:
2. Hypothesis:
3. Theory:

A
  1. expected outcome of an event
    only answers the “what will happen?
    can either be correct or incorrect.
  2. a proposed and testable explanation for an observation.
    Answers what will happen and why will it happen. good hypothesis= includes a prediction.
  3. testable/ broad hypothesis of many observations, supported by a large body of evidence
38
Q

Can hypothesis and theories ever be proven to be a 100%, correct?

A

they can never be proven to be correct, only flasfied.
They are generally accepted based on current evidence, but we can’t say that they are 100% correct, we can only say they haven’t been proven wrong yet and remains to be open for revision.

39
Q

What is the principle of Falsifiability?

A

for a hypothesis/ theory to be scientific, it must be capable of being tested and potentially proven wrong.

40
Q

What are the three basic theories of biology?

A
  1. Cell theory: all organisms are made up of cells, and all cells come from prexisting cells.
  2. Hemostasis: all organisms maintain an internal stable and consistent environment
  3. Evolution: all living organisms evolved from a single common ancestor.
41
Q

define the following terms:
1. experimental design:
2. variable:

A
  1. a scientific investigation/ procedure designed to test the validity of a hypothesis/ theory.
  2. two main types. refers to the changeable element of the experiment
42
Q

What are independent and dependent variables?

A

independent variables (x axis): controlled by the researcher
ex- age, time, amount, etc
dependent variables (y axis): measured by the researcher
ex- growth of a plant

43
Q

What do well designed experiments contain?

A

control groups which help prevent false negatives/ positives.

44
Q

Define the following:
1.False negative:
2. False positive:

A
  1. outcomes that falsely indicate the presence of a result
  2. outcomes that falsely indicate the absence of a result
45
Q

What are the two types of controls used in an experiment?

A

Positive- a control group where a response is expected (makes sure everything works as it should be)
negative- a control group where no response is expected (makes sure nothing goes wrong by accident

46
Q

What is the importance of the positive and negative control group?

A

they are important in validating your results and ensuring your experiment is functioning as expected.

Biology Lecture Class (4 decks)

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