Chapter 1: Essential Concepts Flashcards
Matter is…
anything that occupies space.
Mass is the…
quantity of matter described energy equivalence.
Weight is the force…
exerted on body caused by GRAVITY.
Energy is the…
ability to do work.
Potential Energy
ability to do work depending on position. (guillotine)
Kinetic Energy…
energy of motion.
Chemical Energy…
energy released during chemical rxn.
Electrical Energy…
done when e- moves through electric potential difference.
Thermal Energy…
heat. (energy of motion at molecular level)
Nuclear Energy…
contained within nucleus.
Electromagnetic Energy…
energy reflected/emitted from objects either in electrical or magnetic waves. (usually called radiation!)
Radiation
transfer of energy
Irradiated
Exposed
Ionizing Radiation
radiation capable of removing electron.
Ion pair
orbital electron and atom from which it was removed.
3 forms of ionizing radiation:
Xrays, Gamma Rays, UV radiation.
milliSieverts (mSv) expresses…
radiation exposure.
The natural environment gives off how many mSv annually?
3 mSv
Manmade average annual dose given is…
3.2 mSv
4 types of naturally occurring radiation:
Cosmic Rays, Terrestrial Radiation, Radionuclides, and Radon
Cosmic rays varies with…
altitude and latitude.
Terrestrial radiation comes from deposits of…
Uranium and Thorium and depends of geologic area.
What is the largest sources of natural ionizing radiation?
Radon
When uranium decays, what is produced?
Radioactive gas.
Radon emits what?
Alpha particles which only penetrate lungs.
What type of tube was Roentgen using during his discovery?
Crooke’s Tube
Why did xraying back in the day take so long?
Electrical power was so low so lower voltage and milliamps.
Name 4 types of improvements to Xray
Intensifying screens, Double emulsion, Collimation, and Filtration
When was the Snook Transformer invented?
1907
When was the Coolidge tube invented?
1913, now a vacuum tube compared to gas filled before.
When and to whom was the first death recorded?
1904, Clarence Dally who assisted Thomas Edison.
Early reports of radiation injuries included…
skin damage, lost of hair, and anemia. Later leukemia was found to be linked.
Filtration…
filters low energy xrays which aren’t diagnostic.
Collimation…
reduces size of xray beam.
Intensifying Screens…
create light from xrays reducing amount of radiation necessary. (film)
Protective Apparrel
Lead aprons, Thyroid shields, gloves, and Gonadal shielding
Protective Barrier…
Lead wall tech stands behind.
Example of MAGNITUDE and UNIT. 3 feet
Magnitude is 3. Feet is the unit.
Velocity=
V= d/t
Acceleration=
a= (v2-v1)/t
Law of Inertia (Newtons first law)
Body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in straight line unless acted on by external force, for example friction.
Force= (Newtons second law)
F= ma
Action/Reaction (Newtons third law)
For every action, there is an equal and oppisote reaction.
Momentum=
p= mv
Work=
W= Fd (joules)
Power=
P= Work/t or P= Fd/t (watts)
Unit for heat…
Calorie
Conduction…
transfer by touch.
Convection…
transfer in gas/liquid
Thermal Radiation
transfer by emission of infrared radiation.
What is needed for satisfactory imaging in xray tube?
High voltage and an electric current. (kVp and mAs)
1948 Coltman develops first
flouroscopic intensifier, now magnifier is not needed!
In mAs, seconds are based on…
vibration of atoms of cesium.
Speed of light=
c= 3 x 10^8 m/s
1 lb=
4.5 N
Air Kerma (Gy)
SI unit of radiation absorbed dose.
Sievert (Si)
Unit of occupational radiation exposure and effective dose.
Becquerel (Bq)
Unit of radioactivity.
