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Urology In-Service and Board Review > Chapter 1: Embryology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The urogenital system develops from _ .

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

The adrenal gland starts forming during the _#_ week.

A

6th

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3
Q

Adrenal cortex is from _ .

A

mesoderm

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4
Q

For the adrenal gland, the zona _ and zona _ are present at birth.

A

glomerulosa fasciculata

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5
Q

For the adrenal gland, the zona _ is not established until 3 years of age.

A

reticularis Think of it as you don’t need sex hormones until your’re older.

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6
Q

The adrenal medulla is from _ .

A

neural crest cells (sympathetic ganglion)

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7
Q

The adrenal gland is located [within or outside of] Gerota’s fascia.

A

within

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8
Q

Because the adrenal gland is from a totally different embryologic origin than the kidney, renal _ or _ does NOT affect adrenal development and location.

A

agenesis malposition

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9
Q

Pronephros develops during the _#_ week.

A

4th

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10
Q

Transient and nonfunctional A. Pronephros B. Mesonephros C. Metanephros

A

Pronephros

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11
Q

The pronephros develops _ toward the cloaca.

A

caudally

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12
Q

The pronephros disappears leaving behind the _ .

A

pronephric duct

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13
Q

The mesonephros is present during weeks _#_ - _#_ during development.

A

4-8

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14
Q

The mesonephros has _ function.

A

interim

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15
Q

The mesonephros joins the pronephric duct to yield the _ which opens into the cloaca.

A

mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)

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16
Q

The _ (aka METAnephric diverticulum) forms during week 5 via diverticulum off the mesonephric duct.

A

ureteric bud

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17
Q

There is an association between the clinical findings of an absent vas deferent and ipsilateral _ . The common problem is the _ .

A

renal agenesis mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

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18
Q

_ develop lateral to the mesonephric duct and gonads. They are critical for female reproductive organs.

A

Paramesonephric ducts

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19
Q

The metanephros is functional at week _#_.

A

9

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20
Q

Gonadal ridge →[_, _]→ Indifferent gonad

A

WT-1 SF-1

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21
Q

Indifferent gonad →[_, _]→ Testicle

A

SOX-9 SRY

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22
Q

Indifferent gonad →[_, _]→ Ovary

A

DAX-1 Wnt-9

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23
Q

The ureteric bud moves cranially and penetrates the _ .

A

metanephrogenic blastema

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24
Q

Ureteric bud gives rise to _, _, _, _.

A

ureter renal pelvis calices collecting tubules

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25
Q

Metanephrogenic blastema gives rise to the _ .

A

nephron (glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule)

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26
Q

As the ureteric bud is branching near the cloaca, caudally it is absorbed into the _ .

A

genitourinary sinus (i.e. bladder)

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27
Q

The pelvic forming kidney ascends to the _ position and rotates in an orientation similar to that of the psoas muscle.

A

L1/T12

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28
Q

The _ is a common cavity with merging of genitourinary and intestinal systems.

A

Cloaca

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29
Q

The cloaca is distal _.

A

hind gut (endoderm)

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30
Q

By the week _#_, the cloaca is divided by the _ creating an anterior _ and posterior rectum.

A

7 urorectum septum urogenital sinus

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31
Q

The urogenital sinus start week _#_.

A

8

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32
Q

The urogenital sinus is divided into upper (_), pelvic (_,_) and phallic (_,_)

A

bladder prostatic urethra and entire female urethra genital tubercle, distal male urethra

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33
Q

The _ is the location where the Wolffian ducts fuse to the urogenital sinus.

A

verumontanum

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34
Q

Bladder development happens at week _#_-_#_

A

9-12

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35
Q

Trigone, ureteric orifice and ejaculatory ducts are derived from _ while the rest of the bladder is _.

A

mesoderm (mesonephros) endoderm (urogenital sinus)

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36
Q

The entire floor of the urethra in females is made of _.

A

mesoderm

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37
Q

Allantois becomes the _ around week 12, which becomes the _ in the adult.

A

urachus median umbilical ligament

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38
Q

_ of the urachus is seen at the dome of the bladder and is one of the few indications for partial cystectomy.

A

Adenocarcinoma

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39
Q

In females the _ regresses in response to a lack of testosterone and the _ persists to form the uterus, Fallopian tubes, and superior 1/3 of the vagina

A

mesonephric (Wolffian) duct paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

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40
Q

During week 5, medial to the bilateral mesonephros, a gonadal ridge is formed from germinal epithelial cells and mesenchyme under the genetic influence of _ and _.

A

Wilms tumor (WT1) Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)

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41
Q

Primordial germ cells migrate into the mesenchyme forming _, thus the indifferent gonad is developed.

A

primary sex cords

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42
Q

The indifferent gonad has a cortex (which forms the _) and a medulla (which forms the _).

A

ovary testicle Medulla in Med Think O in cortex is for O-vary

43
Q

Indifferent gonad becomes testicle under influence of _ and _.

A

SOX-9 (SRY-relaed HMG box) SRY (sex determining region Y)

44
Q

Ovary is influenced by _ and _.

A

Wnt-4 (wingless-related MMTV integration site 4) DAX-1 (dosage sensitive sex-reversal adrenal hypoplasia congenital-critical region of the X chromosome, gene !)

45
Q

Teste formation starts week _#_.

A

7

46
Q

The SRY gene is located on _ which is required for testosterone production and testicular development.

A

Yp11.3 short arm of the Y chromosome

47
Q

Primary sex cords of the indifferent gonad condense into the gonadal medulla to form the _ and _.

A

rete testis seminiferous cords

48
Q

The _ encases the seminiferous cords to form the testicle.

A

tunica albuginea

49
Q

Seminiferous cords become_, _, _.

A

seminiferous tubules tubular recti rete testes

50
Q

Seminiferous tubules lack a _ until puberty.

A

lumen

51
Q

_ develop between seminiferous tubules. They secrete testosterone and androstenedione by week 8.

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig Lydia cells secrete testosterone Sertoli cells do everything else

52
Q

Sertoli cells line the seminiferous tubules and secrete _ caused the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts to regress.

A

Mullerian inhibiting substance

53
Q

Then the mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts migrate caudally to form the _, _, _, _, _ under the influence of testosterone.

A

SEEED seminal vesicles ejaculatory ducts epididymis efferent ductules ductus deferens

54
Q

_ testosterone is necessary for Wolffian duct development.

A

Local

55
Q

During week 9, _ appear as outpouchings from the epididymis connect to the _ to establish the first genitourinary connection.

A

efferent ductules rete testis

56
Q

The testicular attachment to the mesonephros becomes _, and by month 8, the testicle descends into the scrotum with guidance from the _.

A

mesorchium gubernaculum

57
Q

On the way down through the inguinal canal, the testicle takes some peritoneum, aka _, into the scrotum forming the _.

A

processus vaginallis tunica vaginalis

58
Q

If the process vaginalis is patent, peritoneal fluid may flow into the surrounding area and cause a _ or _.

A

communicating hydrocele congenital inguinal hernia The majority of hydroceles in infancy will resolve spontaneously.

59
Q

Ovary starts week _#_.

A

8

60
Q

If testicles do not develop, a definitive _ will.

A

ovary #defaultdevelopment

61
Q

At 4 months, the cortical cords from the female gonadal surface epithelium (cortex) divide into isolated cell clusters known as _.

A

primordial follicles (oogonia and follicular cells)

62
Q

The _ undergo mitosis to produce primodular follicles and ultimately primary oocytes.

A

oogonia All oogonia are formed while a fetus.

63
Q

Females are born with ~_#_ primary oocytes arrested in Prophase 1 of meiosis until menarche.

A

2 million At puberty, FSH stimulates a few primary oocytes to re-enter meiosis until one dominant follicle enters ovulation, normally on a monthly basis

64
Q

At week 4, a _ is formed on the cloacal membrane with _ and _ developing bilaterally to the tubercle.

A

genital tubercle labioscrotal swellings urogenital folds

65
Q

The genital tubercle elongates to form the _.

A

primordial phallus

66
Q

Genital tubercle → primordial phallus → _ or _.

A

glans penis clitoris

67
Q

Penis forms week _#_-_#_.

A

9-12

68
Q

Masculinization of the primordial phallus via _.

A

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

69
Q

The urogenital folds near surround the _ except at the future site of the penile raphe, which creates a _.

A

urethral plate (endoderm) urethral groove

70
Q

The urogenital folds fuse completely resulting in the invagination and tubularization of the urethral place/groove to form the _.

A

spongy urethra The urogenital fold is covered by ectoderm (penile skin) and fuses to form the penile raphe as the urogenital folds fuse.

71
Q

Penile _ forms the corpus cavernosum/spongiosum.

A

mesenchyme

72
Q

During week 11, at the glans penis, an _ forms to travel proximally and join the spongy urethra forming the fossa naviculars/urethral meatus.

A

ectodermal cord (invagination of ectoderm/penile skin) If the spongy urethra does not meet with the ectodermal cord, a hypospadias will develop.

73
Q

During week 12, the ectoderm also has a circular ingrowth around the glans to form the _.

A

prepuce

74
Q

The _ fuse in the medicine to form the scotum.

A

labioscrotal swellings If a hemiscrotum is hypoplastic, an undescended testicle is likely present.

75
Q

Feminization of the primordial phallus via _ form the clitoris.

A

estrogens

76
Q

_ only fold posteriorly resulting in the unfused portions becoming the labia majora.

A

Urogenital folds

77
Q

_ fused posteriorly and anteriorly (labial commissures and mons pubis) resulting in the unfused portions becoming the labia majora.

A

Labioscrotal folds Urogenital folds only fold posteriorly.

78
Q

_ produces the pre-ejaculate that neutralizes the pH of the urethra and lubricates it for seminal ejaculation.

A

Cowper’s glands Located at the membranous urethra with ducts entering the urethral bulb.

79
Q

_ produce vaginal lubrication.

A

Bartholin’s glands Located at 5 and 7 o’clock positions.

80
Q

Prostate forms week _#_.

A

12

81
Q

The prostate is formed from the pelvic portion of the _ under stimulation of DHT.

A

urogenital sinus

82
Q

Female analogous structures of the prostate is the _ located within the vulva at 4 and 8 o’clock positions.

A

Skene’s glands

83
Q

In the absence of MIS, the _ will further develop.

A

paramesonephric ducts

84
Q

The paramesonephric ducts fuse caudally to form the _ while the cranial unfused portion become the uterine tubes.

A

ureterovaginal primordium (uterus and upper vagina) The fusion also creates the broad ligament.

85
Q

The lower vagina is formed from the _, which joins the ureterovaginal prim odium to form the sinus tubercle and then a pair of _.

A

urogenital sinus sinovaginal bulbs

86
Q

Fusion of the sinovaginal bulbs form the _.

A

vaginal plate The center cells forms the vaginal lumen while the peripheral cells form the vaginal mucosa.

87
Q

The _ is an invagination of the urogenitial sinus posterior wall.

A

hymen

88
Q

The _ passes through the inguinal canal to join the labia majora during ovarian descent into the pelvis.

A

round ligament This is similar to testes/gubernaculum descent. If there is persistent processes vaginalis, is is called the canal of Nuck.

89
Q

The mesonephric (Wolffian) duct responds to _.

A

Testosterone

90
Q

The urogenital sinus responds to _ when forming the prostate, penis, and scrotum.

A

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

91
Q

Testicular efferent ductules

Embrylogic structure?

A
92
Q

Epididymis, vas deferens

Embryologic structure?

Female analog?

A

Mesonephric duct

93
Q

Ureter, renal pelvis, calices, collecting tubes

Embryologic structure?

A

Mesonephric duct

94
Q

Fallopian tubes

Embryologic structure?

Male analog?

A
95
Q

Uterus and upper vagina

Embryologic structure?

Male analog?

A
96
Q

Bladder, urethra

Embryologic structure?

A
97
Q

Prostate

Embryologic structure?

Female analog?

A
98
Q

Cowper’s glands

Embryologic structre?

Female analog?

A
99
Q

Verumontanum

Embryologic structure?

Female analog?

A
100
Q

Gubernaculum

Female analog?

A
101
Q

Urogenital folds become what in the male and female?

A
102
Q

Labioscrotal swellings become what in the male and female?

A
103
Q
A

Urology In-Service and Board Review (34 decks)

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