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Genetics > Chapter 1- DNA, Transcription, and Translation > Flashcards

Chapter 1- DNA, Transcription, and Translation Flashcards

1
Q

nucleic acids

A

provide genetic material for cells and viruses

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2
Q

genes

A

small part of DNA that has info to code for proteins and RNA

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3
Q

Where is most DNA found?

A

in the nucleus, there is also small amounts of DNA in mitochondria

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4
Q

genome

A

collection of all genes

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5
Q

What makes up nucleic acids?

A

phosphate group, 5-C sugar, nitrogenous base

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6
Q

purines

A
  • double ringed

- A G

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7
Q

pyrimidines

A
  • single ring

- C U T

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8
Q

Why is there no uracil in DNA?

A

can link to other uracils, makes RNA very unstable/ fragile and DNA needs to be stable

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9
Q

What are the types of base pairing?

A
  • A double bonded to T

- C triple bonded to G

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10
Q

what makes up the DNA backbone?

A

phosphate and sugar

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11
Q

What does it mean if DNA has a high content of G-C pairs?

A

it is much harder to denature because G-C pairs are triple bonded

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12
Q

What direction does DNA run?

A

5’ to 3’

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13
Q

What is replication?

A

dividing and copying of DNA, each cell must have equal dose of genetic material

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14
Q

when does replication occur?

A

during S phase of the cell cycle

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15
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

one straight of the DNA is brand new, one strand is saved/ “conserved”

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16
Q

what is transcription?

A

make RNA from DNA

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17
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

nucleus

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18
Q

what is translation?

A

processing of reading mRNA and coding proteins

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19
Q

where does translation occur?

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

Steps of replication

A
  1. DNA unwound
  2. Primase adds primer
  3. polymerase binds to the primer and bases are added continuously
  4. in lagging strand, bases added in Okazaki fragments and each fragment is started with primer
  5. exonuclease removes primer
  6. ligase seals fragments
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21
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that unzips DNA

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22
Q

topoisomerase

A

releases DNA supercoil

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23
Q

primase

A

adds short RNA primers

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24
Q

ligase

A

seals Okazaki fragments

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25
exonuclease
removes primers
26
how long does the entire cell cycle take?
24 hours
27
what is the central dogma?
DNA -> Transcription -> RNA -> translation -> proteins
28
what are the steps of transcription?
1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
29
how does transcription initiation occur?
RNA polymerase binds to a promoter site upstream of coding region with the help of transcription factors. binds at the TATA box
30
how does transcription termination occur?
when the polymerase reaches a stop signal is reached
31
gene expression
mechanism where genes are used to direct synthesis of RNA or proteins
32
what is the end result of transcription?
either coding RNA (mRNA) or non-coding RNA
33
how much of our genome codes for proteins?
1.25%
34
Exons
contain info about how to code genes in RNA
35
introns
noncoding segment of RNA
36
what happens during splicing?
introns are cut out of precursor RNA, exons are joined together
37
what is alternate splicing?
mix and match exons in random order, allows for gene variation
38
how is splicing completed?
with the help of spiceosomes in the nucleus
39
what do precursor RNA contain
5' cap, poly A tail, introns, exons
40
what is the role of untranslated regions
- UTR in RNA help regulate mRNA stability - prevents endonucleases from degrading them - 5' cap and poly A tail help transport nucleus to cytoplasm - have sequences recognized by ribosomes to initiate translation
41
what are the steps of translation?
1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
42
what is the start codon?
AUG
43
what are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
44
codon
group of 3 nucleotides
45
anticodon
complementary codon sequence in tRNA to be able to bind to mRNA
46
what happens during translation initiation?
ribosome and initiator tRNA bind to the mRNA at the start codon
47
what happens during translation elongation?
1. first tRNA binds to P site 2. next tRNA binds to A site and peptide bond is formed 3. tRNA in A site shifts to P site, tRNA in P site exits through E site
48
what happens during termination in translation?
a stop codon is encountered
49
common formula for amino acids
NH2- CHR- COOH | - R group is different in each AA, gives AA distinct characteristics
50
what are post-translational modifications?
- changes to polypeptide to make it mature and function properly - chemical modifications - folding - cleavage and transport - binding of multiple polypeptide chains
51
How does protein folding occur?
with the help of chaperone proteins
52
primary protein structure
AA in sequence
53
secondary protein structure
Alpha helix or beta sheets form shapes, can have both of these types in one protein
54
tertiary protein structure
views helix or sheets in 3D, how they interact with eacother
55
quaternary protein structure
includes all sides of the chain, looking at the entire protein
56
sickle cell disease
- RBC loses its normal biconcave disc shape - due to mutation in glutamate which results in valine - cells cannot handle being deoxygenated, leads to crystallization - defective membranes allow too much Ca into cell
57
rate and degree of sickling depends on the following
- interaction of HbS with other types of Hb - mean cell Hb concentration - Intracellular pH (more acidic= more sickling) - transit time of RBC through vessel
58
what can sickle cell trait help protect against?
malaria
59
clinical effects of sickle cell
- build up of bilirubin - priapism - hypoxia - ischemic infarctions - spleen dysfunction
60
Hutchinson- Gilford Progeria Syndrome
- very rare, rapid aging and disease process - due to abnormal lamin A protein - Lamin A produces lamin protein which makes good nuclear membrame, in HGPS farnesyl group not cleaved from lamin a gene -> improper nuclear membrane
61
Cystic Fibrosis
- most common deadly disease in caucasians - cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR) gene mutation causes defect in synthesis of chloride channels - results in thick fluid secretions
62
MODY
- maturity onset diabetes of the young - issues in RNA processing leads mRNA to be destroyed because it cannot produce proteins properly, beta cells cannot secrete insulin - only type of diabetes that is monogenetic

Genetics (8 decks)

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