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Genetics > Chapter 1- DNA, Transcription, and Translation > Flashcards

Chapter 1- DNA, Transcription, and Translation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleic acids

A

provide genetic material for cells and viruses

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2
Q

genes

A

small part of DNA that has info to code for proteins and RNA

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3
Q

Where is most DNA found?

A

in the nucleus, there is also small amounts of DNA in mitochondria

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4
Q

genome

A

collection of all genes

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5
Q

What makes up nucleic acids?

A

phosphate group, 5-C sugar, nitrogenous base

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6
Q

purines

A
  • double ringed

- A G

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7
Q

pyrimidines

A
  • single ring

- C U T

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8
Q

Why is there no uracil in DNA?

A

can link to other uracils, makes RNA very unstable/ fragile and DNA needs to be stable

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9
Q

What are the types of base pairing?

A
  • A double bonded to T

- C triple bonded to G

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10
Q

what makes up the DNA backbone?

A

phosphate and sugar

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11
Q

What does it mean if DNA has a high content of G-C pairs?

A

it is much harder to denature because G-C pairs are triple bonded

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12
Q

What direction does DNA run?

A

5’ to 3’

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13
Q

What is replication?

A

dividing and copying of DNA, each cell must have equal dose of genetic material

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14
Q

when does replication occur?

A

during S phase of the cell cycle

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15
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

one straight of the DNA is brand new, one strand is saved/ “conserved”

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16
Q

what is transcription?

A

make RNA from DNA

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17
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

nucleus

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18
Q

what is translation?

A

processing of reading mRNA and coding proteins

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19
Q

where does translation occur?

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

Steps of replication

A
  1. DNA unwound
  2. Primase adds primer
  3. polymerase binds to the primer and bases are added continuously
  4. in lagging strand, bases added in Okazaki fragments and each fragment is started with primer
  5. exonuclease removes primer
  6. ligase seals fragments
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21
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that unzips DNA

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22
Q

topoisomerase

A

releases DNA supercoil

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23
Q

primase

A

adds short RNA primers

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24
Q

ligase

A

seals Okazaki fragments

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25
Q

exonuclease

A

removes primers

26
Q

how long does the entire cell cycle take?

A

24 hours

27
Q

what is the central dogma?

A

DNA -> Transcription -> RNA -> translation -> proteins

28
Q

what are the steps of transcription?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
29
Q

how does transcription initiation occur?

A

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter site upstream of coding region with the help of transcription factors. binds at the TATA box

30
Q

how does transcription termination occur?

A

when the polymerase reaches a stop signal is reached

31
Q

gene expression

A

mechanism where genes are used to direct synthesis of RNA or proteins

32
Q

what is the end result of transcription?

A

either coding RNA (mRNA) or non-coding RNA

33
Q

how much of our genome codes for proteins?

A

1.25%

34
Q

Exons

A

contain info about how to code genes in RNA

35
Q

introns

A

noncoding segment of RNA

36
Q

what happens during splicing?

A

introns are cut out of precursor RNA, exons are joined together

37
Q

what is alternate splicing?

A

mix and match exons in random order, allows for gene variation

38
Q

how is splicing completed?

A

with the help of spiceosomes in the nucleus

39
Q

what do precursor RNA contain

A

5’ cap, poly A tail, introns, exons

40
Q

what is the role of untranslated regions

A
  • UTR in RNA help regulate mRNA stability
  • prevents endonucleases from degrading them
  • 5’ cap and poly A tail help transport nucleus to cytoplasm
  • have sequences recognized by ribosomes to initiate translation
41
Q

what are the steps of translation?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
42
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG

43
Q

what are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

44
Q

codon

A

group of 3 nucleotides

45
Q

anticodon

A

complementary codon sequence in tRNA to be able to bind to mRNA

46
Q

what happens during translation initiation?

A

ribosome and initiator tRNA bind to the mRNA at the start codon

47
Q

what happens during translation elongation?

A
  1. first tRNA binds to P site
  2. next tRNA binds to A site and peptide bond is formed
  3. tRNA in A site shifts to P site, tRNA in P site exits through E site
48
Q

what happens during termination in translation?

A

a stop codon is encountered

49
Q

common formula for amino acids

A

NH2- CHR- COOH

- R group is different in each AA, gives AA distinct characteristics

50
Q

what are post-translational modifications?

A
  • changes to polypeptide to make it mature and function properly
  • chemical modifications
  • folding
  • cleavage and transport
  • binding of multiple polypeptide chains
51
Q

How does protein folding occur?

A

with the help of chaperone proteins

52
Q

primary protein structure

A

AA in sequence

53
Q

secondary protein structure

A

Alpha helix or beta sheets form shapes, can have both of these types in one protein

54
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

views helix or sheets in 3D, how they interact with eacother

55
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

includes all sides of the chain, looking at the entire protein

56
Q

sickle cell disease

A
  • RBC loses its normal biconcave disc shape
  • due to mutation in glutamate which results in valine
  • cells cannot handle being deoxygenated, leads to crystallization
  • defective membranes allow too much Ca into cell
57
Q

rate and degree of sickling depends on the following

A
  • interaction of HbS with other types of Hb
  • mean cell Hb concentration
  • Intracellular pH (more acidic= more sickling)
  • transit time of RBC through vessel
58
Q

what can sickle cell trait help protect against?

A

malaria

59
Q

clinical effects of sickle cell

A
  • build up of bilirubin
  • priapism
  • hypoxia
  • ischemic infarctions
  • spleen dysfunction
60
Q

Hutchinson- Gilford Progeria Syndrome

A
  • very rare, rapid aging and disease process
  • due to abnormal lamin A protein
  • Lamin A produces lamin protein which makes good nuclear membrame, in HGPS farnesyl group not cleaved from lamin a gene -> improper nuclear membrane
61
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • most common deadly disease in caucasians
  • cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR) gene mutation causes defect in synthesis of chloride channels
  • results in thick fluid secretions
62
Q

MODY

A
  • maturity onset diabetes of the young
  • issues in RNA processing leads mRNA to be destroyed because it cannot produce proteins properly, beta cells cannot secrete insulin
  • only type of diabetes that is monogenetic

Genetics (8 decks)

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