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Respiratory Physiology > Chapter 1 Distribution > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Distribution Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pons function in the respiratory system?

A

Assist in making a smooth transition between expiratory and inspiratory.

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2
Q

Chemoreceptors monitor?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and blood ph levels. They have fibers that extend to the medulla.

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3
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located? And respond to?

A

The are located in the aortic arch and common carotid arteries. They respond to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and ph changes.

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4
Q

Central chemoreceptors location?

A

Located in brainstem. Respond to arterial carbon dioxide levels and blood ph.

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5
Q

Inspiration requires what type of pressure? What muscles are recruited?

A

Negative pressure. External intercostal muscles. Diaphragm.

Under increased ventilation demand Sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis major are recruited.

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6
Q

Expiration requires what type of pressure? What muscles are recruited?

A

Positive pressure ventilation. Abdominal muscles are recruited and intercostal muscles. Recoil from lungs.

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7
Q

Thin layers of surrounding tissue of lungs?

A

Visceral pleura, parietal pleura, and pleural space.

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8
Q

Generation of airways?

A

Trachea, main stem bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchi

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9
Q

What cells are found in the bronchi?

A

Cartilage, submucosal,glands, ciliates epithelial cells, goblet cells.

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10
Q

What are goblet cells? Function

A

Produce mucus. Foreign bacteria gets trapped in mucus, then cilia moves it upwards towards the pharynx.

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11
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Measure of the stiffness of an object and is equal to the change in volume that occurs in the object.

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12
Q

Surfactants role in the lining of the alveoli?

A

Surfactant is the stability control, reduce surface forces.

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13
Q

What process does emphysema cause in the lungs?

A

Destroys lung tissue and reduces elastic recoil of the lung leading to a increase compliance.

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14
Q

Process that fibrosis causes in the lungs?

A

Fibrosis cause stiffening of the connective tissue in the lung and compliance.

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15
Q

Primary source of autonomic respiratory rhythm appears to reside in what region of the brainstem?

A

Medulla

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16
Q

Effects of surfactant in the lungs?

A
  • increases pulmonary compliance
  • reduces surface tension helps prevent alveolar collapse
  • minimize transudation of fluid from the pulmonary capillaries.
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17
Q

Law of Laplace

A

where P as the pressure inside the sphere, T is the tension in the wall of the sphere, and r is the radius of the sphere.

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18
Q

What produce surfactant?

A

Type 2 pneumocytes

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19
Q

Cardiac arrest why do we not hyperventilate the pt to remove co2 and correct Acidosis?

A

The initial problem would be respiratory acidosis however the underlining problem is metabolic acidosis. The renal system has been impaired due to lack of perfusion. Thus enabling it to produce bicarb. It uses up all the bicarb in trying to neutralize the ph. Low bicarb levels then are present. We must increase perfusion so kidneys can produce more bicarb. The body will go into an anaerobic state due to the lack of oxygen and perform glycolysis which in turn will turn co2 into carbonic acid

20
Q

Conditions that cause surfactant malfunction?

A

ARDS (pneumonia, sepsis, smoke inhalation) cause damage to the alveolar capillary.

21
Q

Positive End Expiratory Pressure related to Law of LaPlace?

A
  • The greater the radius of the alveolus, the lower the pressure in the alveolus.
  • results in in a greater end exhalation.
  • higher end expiratory pressure and volume, alveolar collapse is minimized.
22
Q

Bernoullis principle? explain how a plane fly’s?

A

As the plane is propelled forward. The airplane is shaped so that the distance from front to back is greater on the top of the wing than on the bottom. So the flow is constant however the velocity is greater above the wing resulting in less pressure being exerted above the wing. Velocity is less on the bottom of the wing creating more pressure thus lifting the plane off the runway.

23
Q

If the pulmonary alveolar pressure exceeds the pulmonary capillary pressure, what happens to the pulmonary capillary?

A

Since the alveolar pressure is greater , the capillary will be squeezed and blood flow will diminish or cease to the alveolus.

24
Q

How many zones in the lung?
Which zone receives the most perfusion over ventilation ratio?
Pa>Pv>Palv

A

Zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3
Zone 1 has the least perfusion, no gas exchange in this area. Under upright position with normal cardiac output

Zone 2 some perfusion alveolar pressure is less and pulmonary artery pressure is greater. Some gas exchange

Zone 3 gas exchange occurs alveolar pressure allows for there to be good pulmonary artery pressure allowing for good perfusion to the alveolus.

25
Q

Hypoxic vasoconstriction?

A

Pulmonary vessels constrict, increasing local resistance and redistributes of pulmonary blood flow.

26
Q

Nitric oxide production in the lungs effects?

A

NO production dilates the pulmonary vessels and diminish resistance. Thereby allowing for increase in flow with diminished pressure.

Used on Peds for pulmonary hypertension

27
Q

Three forms of carbon dioxide?

A

Co2 is bound to hemoglobin
Dissolved in plasma
Dissolved co2 is in equilibrium with carbonic acid

28
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. What shifts the po2 to right and left?

A

Right—Raised temperature, raised pco2, raised 2,3 DPG and decreased PH.

Left— lowered temperature, lowered pco2, lowered 2,3 DPG and increased PH.

29
Q

Three physiologic changes that may result in decreased alveolar ventilation and increase pco2?

A
  • Decreased minute ventilation
  • Rapid shallow breathing patterns
  • Drug overdose respiratory suppression
  • increase dead space v/q mismatch ventilation/ perfusion
30
Q

Hemoglobin will stay fully saturated until what levels of PaO2?

A

60mmHg

31
Q

Why do we need to calculate Aa- gradient on a pt with low paO2 levels?

A

If Aa-gradient is high there is a pathological problem either with lung tissue or the pulmonary circulation. If normal we have to look for another explanation for hypoxia.

32
Q

Diseases that cause V/Q mismatch?

A

Pneumonia, Asthma, heart failure, emphysema

33
Q

Normal Aa-gradient?

A

0.3 times the age of a person

34
Q

Systematic approach to analysis of hypoxemia?

List steps

A

Calculate Aa-gradient
Consider normal ranges for gradient
If normal consider hypoventilation or PIO2
If high place on supplemental oxygen and recheck change in PaO2
If there is increase most likely a V/Q mismatch
If it doesn’t we’re dealing with a shunt

35
Q

Why do we need to calculate Aa- gradient on a pt with low paO2 levels?

A

If Aa-gradient is high there is a pathological problem either with lung tissue or the pulmonary circulation. If normal we have to look for another explanation for hypoxia.

36
Q

Diseases that cause V/Q mismatch?

A

Pneumonia, Asthma, heart failure, emphysema

37
Q

Systematic approach to analysis of hypoxemia?

List steps

A

Calculate Aa-gradient
Consider normal ranges for gradient
If normal consider hypoventilation or PIO2
If high place on supplemental oxygen and recheck change in PaO2
If there is increase most likely a V/Q mismatch
If it doesn’t we’re dealing with a shunt

38
Q

Why do we need to calculate Aa- gradient on a pt with low paO2 levels?

A

If Aa-gradient is high there is a pathological problem either with lung tissue or the pulmonary circulation. If normal we have to look for another explanation for hypoxia.

39
Q

Diseases that cause V/Q mismatch?

A

Pneumonia, Asthma, heart failure, emphysema

40
Q

Systematic approach to analysis of hypoxemia?

List steps

A

Calculate Aa-gradient
Consider normal ranges for gradient
If normal consider hypoventilation or PIO2
If high place on supplemental oxygen and recheck change in PaO2
If there is increase most likely a V/Q mismatch
If it doesn’t we’re dealing with a shunt

41
Q

Why do we need to calculate Aa- gradient on a pt with low paO2 levels?

A

If Aa-gradient is high there is a pathological problem either with lung tissue or the pulmonary circulation. If normal we have to look for another explanation for hypoxia.

42
Q

Diseases that cause V/Q mismatch?

A

Pneumonia, Asthma, heart failure, emphysema

43
Q

Normal Aa-gradient?

A

0.3 times the age of a person

44
Q

Systematic approach to analysis of hypoxemia?

List steps

A

Calculate Aa-gradient
Consider normal ranges for gradient
If normal consider hypoventilation or PIO2
If high place on supplemental oxygen and recheck change in PaO2
If there is increase most likely a V/Q mismatch
If it doesn’t we’re dealing with a shunt

45
Q

The three abnormalities to respiratory system?

A

Ventilator controller, ventilator pump, and gas exchanger

45
Q

What is ratio for ph decrease and increase co2?

A

Inversely proportional: Decrease PH- .08 equals increase of 10mmHg of CO2.

45
Q

Anion gap equation

A

Difference between major cations and anions.

Na - ( Cl + HCO3)= 12 meq +4

Respiratory Physiology (1 decks)

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