Chapter 1 Definitions Flashcards
is the process of exchanging information
through a speakers ideas, thoughts, feelings, needs, or desires
Communications
Involves the acquisition and use of
morphology, phonology, syntax and semantics.
Linguistic competence
in what way words and smaller units can be
combined to form other words (go+ing=going)
Morphology
In what way sounds are combined to form words:
(c+a +t=cat)
Phonology
the word combinations used to express meaning in
sentence structures. (I+ see + a + bird)
Syntax
In what way words correspond to things and events
in the word. (It’s raining), how language reflects a speaker’s
intent ( I want to tell you a story), or feelings (I’m feeling good
today).
Semantics
the ability to understand others. It is
understanding spoken language, also referred to as Auditory
Comprehension. It is the ability to understand language:
meanings, sentences, stories and conversation, concepts(color,
size, emotion and time) and directions.
Respective Language
the ability to express and share
thoughts, ideas and feelings. It is the ability to convey meaning
and thoughts through the production of words and sentences,
retelling of events and stories and engaging in conversation.
Expressive Language
they accompany spoken language, help the
listener better understand a speaker’s meaning.
Paralinguistic cues
Speech is the verbal means of communicating through articulation.
Speech and Articulation
Articulation is the production of speech sounds by movement of the
lips, tongue, and soft palate (velum).
Articulation
vocal folds vibrate to produce
phonation or voice
Articulation
sound produced by the vibration of the vocal folds
Phonation
the smallest units of sound that create a difference in
meaning.
Phonemes
is the part of language that is concerned with the
combination of speech sounds for word formation
Phonology
defined as the means for human communication
through the use of spoken words, written symbols, or sign
language.Language is a shared code that represents
concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols. W
Language
is also used to describe the nature of language: it describes
the speaker’s ability to generate many types of sentences. I.e. new
sentences produced by children when they don’t have the word they need
Generative
is the description of a language with respect to its
components: which are form, content and use.
Grammar
(Syntax, Morphology and Phonology)
Form
is the component of language that involves rules for
combining words to form a sentence
Syntax
describe an action: eat, sleep, run, etc.
Main Verbs
: express mood, (can, could, shall, should, will,
would, do, did, may, might)
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
is concerned with the structure of words and the parts
that compose the words.
Morphology
are the minimal distinctive units of words that
determine meaning.
Morphemes
these have meaning by themselves.
Free Morphemes
(-s, -es, -est, -ing)
Inflectional morphemes
( -ful, -like, -ly)
Derivational morphemes
are conjunctions (and and but), articles
(the, an , a) and prepositions ( in, under…) these show the difference
between one and several, possession, or to show something that is
exceptional (-est).
Grammatical morphemes
form the past tense of certain verbs (add -ed) and
others require changes in vowels and consonants (eat/ate,
throw/threw)
Irregular verbs
this is the part of language that determines meaning.
Semantics
The appropriate use of language in social interaction along with
the rules that govern interaction with others
Pragmatics
What rules are defined as the effective and appropriate use
of language to accomplish social goals, manage turns and topics in
conversation and express appropriate degrees of politeness,
awareness of social roles and recognition of others’ conversational
needs.
The pragmatic rules
labels a speaker’s intent or meaning when she
produces a sentence in social interaction.
Speech Acts
A method of communication with a strong connection between literacy
Written Language
the ability to read and understand written text.
Literacy
involves the knowledge and intellectual capacity. It is the
mental mechanism that allows a child to achieve cognitive skills.
Cognition
: the ability to focus on the essential factors in specific context or task,
along with the ability to ignore the distractions.
Attention
(short term memory) allows children the ability to store information
encountered in a current experience. It is essential for a child to be able to store,
internalize and retrieve or remember information. (following commands
Memory
definition: the holding of information in the mind, along with the
updating of this information when necessary to revise or add new information. (multi
step commands)
Working memory
a cognitive process that enables a child to recognize and
understand social signals. It allows children to interact appropriately with others and
see things from others’ points of view.
Social cognition
Cognitive abilities used to control and coordinate information for
planning, goals, controlling responses (inhibition), shifting, between tasks and keeping
information in mind to guide future actions.
Executive Function
Cognitive Functions include: Inhibition, initiation, planning, working memory, attention, discrimination, problem solving, verbal reasoning, and theory of mind.
The cognitive functions
the conscious or unconscious restraint of a behavior or an impulse to act.
Inhibition
the ability to understand facts and concepts or ideas expressed in
words and to manipulate this information to solve a problem
Verbal reasoning
The ability to understand others’ thoughts, feelings, and ideas
Theory of mind
t allows children to appreciate others’ mental states. It develops through exposure to
conversations that contain mental state verbs: thinks, knows, and believes.
Theory of mind
Refers to the mental processes used to plan, monitor and analyze one’s thinking and
behaviors.
Consists of a child’s self knowledge of his language and thought processes. This skill
provides children with the skills needed for successful academic progress, such as
preparing for class and completing class assignments.
Metacognition ability
Involve the ability to think overtly about language, manipulate the structural features of
language at the phoneme, word or sentence level; and focus on the language form.
It allows children to be aware of the syllables and phonemes in words, rhymes, and
ambiguous words. ( cut with knife, cut with sharing profits, cut as moving ahead of
someone in line.)
Metalinguistic ability
The ability to make inferences about the new experiences, transfer what has been
learned across different experiences and identify relevant information when making
comparisons.
Verbal reasoning
a variation of a particular language that is distinguished by phonology,
grammar, or vocabulary. Each dialect spoken is considered a legitimate rule governed
language system.
Dialect
