Chapter 1 : Database Management Flashcards
why do computers store data?
instructions for functioning
data in RAM for app
images/files for app
structures commonly used to store data
files and databases
where is data saved when the user is working on it
memory
where is data saved when it will be accessed later
database/file on more permanent storage devices
data
unprocessed numbers, facts or signals
information
processed and organised data into something meaningful
most nb tool for data storage by web developers and programmers
databases
database
collection of organised data
give an example of how a database can be used in web development / programming
settings of app
text and graphics
personal messages, status updates and comments on social networks
DMBS
database management software
database management software
the software responsible for managing a database
examples of what DMBS does
creating DB
creating tables
managing data security
examples of DMBS
Microsoft SQL Server
Microsoft Access
MySQL
SQLite
how was data added to DB in grade 11
manually
how does this translate to commercial applications of DB
ineffective
only suitable for small DB
what do most DB do instead for data capture?
different automatic techniques
techniques for automatic data capture
LITTerFooD:
forms
tags
> RFID
» E-Tolls
digital sensors
invisible online data collection
transaction tracking
location based data
what does the form method entail
web form
web form
online interactive page that allows user input
format of web form
imitates physical form
what do web forms make use of and why?
GUI components
assist with user input + limit errors
GUI components used
checkboxes
combo boxes
spinners
drop down lists
text boxes
buttons
web form limitations
sophisticated
sensitive data capture
examples of sophisticated web forms
banking
shopping
job/enrolment applications
how are sophisticated web forms run?
programmed objects
functions
methods
effect of web forms on society
changed business processes
limits paperwork/documentation
online documentation favorable
what does tags entail?
electronic tags
how do electronic tags work?
transmission of radio frequency from tag to tag reader, or vica versa, transmits info to computer program associated with the tag
tags primary function
track/ID item
examples of how tags used
merchandising warehouses
vehicle tracking
pet tracking
examples of types/applications of tags
RFID
e-tolls and RFID
RFID stands for
radio frequency identification
what does RFID refer to?
tiny chips that can store a few KB of info
how is RFID used?
RFID chip scanned to RFID reader
info read + displayed on computer
{software used to add to DB}
how popular is RFID :P
thousands of businesses around the world :P
RFID used to tag (examples) …
products
> warehouse
> shop
tools in workshop
tickets
> conference, sports events, concerts
> public transport
how are products in a warehouse tagged?
item removed > automatically scanned + removed from DB
how are tools in a workshop tagged?
track what used, by who, and when returned
how are tickets of events tagged?
arrival at gate opens it automatically
data to DB
how are tickets of transport tagged?
Gautrain
trip recorded to DB
cost subtracted from user’s balance
how are products in shops tagged?
item purchased > scanned > product info retrieved > bill
> removed from inventory
what are the two essential parts working together to make RFID usage possible?
RFID
software
elaborate on relationship between RFID and software
basic RFID reader scans info on RFID chips > available to computer
software automatically adds that info to DB + additional info (when + where scanned)
e-toll meaning
electronic toll
what is the RFID chip used in e-tolls?
e-tag
how were e-tags employed?
motorists required to purchase one
what did e-toll system use to achieve goal?
combo of cameras and RFID readers
auto record info of vehicles driving through toll gantry
info in DB
DB used to generate monthly invoice
what is a digital sensor?
an electronic or electrochemical sensor that converts and transmits data digitally
examples of data transmitted by digital sensors
temperature
distance
humidity
light
what do sensors sense?
wide range of different energy forms:
- mvmt (Ek)
- electrical signals (V)
- radiant energy (Ep)
- pressure (k)
- thermal energy (C/Ep)
- magnetic energy (N)
what do wireless sensor tags do?
connect events in physical world
examples of events in physical world transmitted
motion sensors
door/window opened/closed
temp/humidity exceed limit
smartphones/web browsers with internet access
role of DB in internet
heart/memory
store most info displayed
where the role of DB in the internet particularly evident and why?
websites where users create content
impossible to manually add data
info entered automatically added to DB
how else are DB used for social networking apps?
DB on devices store user’s personal info (login details)
example of invisible online data collection?
cookie
what is a cookie?
- a message given to a web browser by a web server
- the web browser stores the message in a text file
- each time the browser requests a page from the server the message is sent back to the server
what are cookies used for?
- identifies users > customise accordingly
- personal info entered once
how are cookies used to personalise your internet experience?
advertisements targeted by advertising companies
how do adverts use data to send you relevant ads?
a lot of data - massive DBs
software that automatically tracks users and their activity
use of software in automatic data capture
read and record info in DB
automate reports
what does transaction tracking refer to?
tracking of customer’s transaction data
examples of transaction data
type
store
employee
customer
payment info
where is the transaction data sent?
stores > corporate DB
where is transaction data stored?
credit cards
store cards (Edgars)
store loyalty cards (Clicks ClubCard)
benefits of transaction tracking
consumer safety
enhancing on-site experience - tracking browsing history + demographic profiles
fraud detection
disadvantage of transaction tracking
unauthorised use of personal info
what is location based data?
data that provides information about different things that can be shown on maps
types of location based data
static and non-static
static LBD examples
roadmaps
farming info
government buildings + assets
electric distribution networks (pylons, substations)
military info
non-static LBD examples
position/tracking of aeroplanes, transport, people, animals/pets, satellites, traffic
based on input from geographic positioning systems (GPS).
What is used for the application of LBD?
LBS location based services
What are location based services?
Services that use software applications together with location-based databases to deliver a service
Examples of LBS
best route
location of stolen vehicle
lost pet
Pokémon GO
What is the third type of location based thing?
Location based computing
Location based computing
Software based on a user’s location
How do the location based things relate to one another?
LBD + LBC = LBS
What is best at LBC
Smartphones and tablets
Examples of LBC
Weather apps
Food delivery apps
Car sharing services - Uber
What is a warehouse?
Place where you can store a large number of items/products
Data warehousing
Technique for storing data from more than one database, similar to how factories and distribution companies store items irl
How does a data warehouse differ from most DBs?
Takes data from DBs and store in non-normalised/efficient way
What does this mean for the data?
Redundancies
Additional storage space
What is normalisation?
The process of refining the structure of a DB to minimise redundancy and improve integrity
What is data redundancy?
State in which the same piece of data is held in more than one place in a DB
What is data warehousing used in?
BI - business intelligence
What is BI?
several technologies and applications that are used to improve business decision making
What is the goal of data warehousing?
Make data available and ready for analysis
How does a data warehouse differ from the DBs on which it is formed?
- not contain copies of og DBs
- new DB created to hold structured data from multiple sources (DB)
Data warehouse access
Usually opened to multiple people in diff dept of company - access data and use to useful create graphs and reports
How are data warehouses and DB similar?
Relational data systems
How does a db and data warehouse differ?
Purpose
Purpose of data warehouse
stores a large quantity of historical data and all the data
from the various databases are available
Purpose of DB
stores current transactions and enables easy access to specific
transactions for ongoing business processes
What is data mining?
Process used to identify trends/patterns between different data sets in large DBs (big data) by selecting applicable data from them
What can data mining improve?
Decision making
Area in which data mining is used
Marketing
How is data mining used in marketing?
Explores increasingly large DBs to improve market segmentation
How does data mining perform market segmentation?
- extracts personal data pertaining to certain demographics
- looks for patterns/trends between them
- guesses behaviour accordingly
- directs personalised loyalty campaigns
what can data mining predict in terms of market segmentation?
- subscriptions
- interests based on searches
- mailing list content with successful response
give examples of big data
- Amazon sales info
- TV show views
- Tweets
what is the basic process used to make sense of big data?
data mining process
data mining process
- extract relevant data
- look for patterns in data
- discover knowledge from patterns
example of massive DB?
UN DB -info for most countries in world
why do you need to extract the data?
- large amounts of data
- select useful, small section of data
- don’t filter massive DB, use full DB to create new DB containing only relevant info
how is data (mostly) extracted from the DB?
sql :P (I <3 sql)
what is sql?
programming language created to manipulate and extract data from a database
what can users do with sql?
specify exact data wanting to extract
how to make sql query?
- fields
- data table
- conditions
= only data meeting requirements extracted + used for analysis
why do we look for patterns in the data?
- large data : impossible to look at individual data points
- understand data set in whole
= knowledge - decisions - strategies
how do these steps create knowledge?
- patterns turn large amount of disorganised data into few useful facts
- confirm truth of data
- informed decisions made + strategies developed
what does SASSA stand for?
South African Social Security Agency
what does SASSA do?
provide social security services against vulnerability and poverty
how does SASSA achieve this?
through social grants
how are grants provisioned?
‘means tested’ - assesses value of assets + income > threshold eligible for grant
what does the gov issue to determine living circumstances of SA?
annual GHS - general household survey
what does the GHS include?
big data on:
- education
- health
- social development
- housing
- service and facility access
- food security
- agriculture
how is the GHS used to provide social grants to citizens?
data mining:
- useful data extracted
- data analysed
- obtain knowledge/info
> provides budget for necessary grants + where to set threshold + reports
how are social networking sites examples of big data?
- accumulate personal data over time > identifiable data collection
- users don’t understand extent
- becomes Big Data
- data integration mixes it with other data sources
how is this social networking Big Data used in data mining?
- access, extract relevant, store in smaller DB
- apps using data analytics analyse online presence and behaviour to compile data about users
- info/knowledge > determine emotional state, suggest friends, etc.
