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Information Technology > Chapter 1 : Database Management > Flashcards

Chapter 1 : Database Management Flashcards

1
Q

why do computers store data?

A

instructions for functioning
data in RAM for app
images/files for app

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2
Q

structures commonly used to store data

A

files and databases

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3
Q

where is data saved when the user is working on it

A

memory

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4
Q

where is data saved when it will be accessed later

A

database/file on more permanent storage devices

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5
Q

data

A

unprocessed numbers, facts or signals

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6
Q

information

A

processed and organised data into something meaningful

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7
Q

most nb tool for data storage by web developers and programmers

A

databases

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8
Q

database

A

collection of organised data

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9
Q

give an example of how a database can be used in web development / programming

A

settings of app
text and graphics
personal messages, status updates and comments on social networks

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10
Q

DMBS

A

database management software

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11
Q

database management software

A

the software responsible for managing a database

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12
Q

examples of what DMBS does

A

creating DB
creating tables
managing data security

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13
Q

examples of DMBS

A

Microsoft SQL Server
Microsoft Access
MySQL
SQLite

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14
Q

how was data added to DB in grade 11

A

manually

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15
Q

how does this translate to commercial applications of DB

A

ineffective
only suitable for small DB

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16
Q

what do most DB do instead for data capture?

A

different automatic techniques

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17
Q

techniques for automatic data capture

A

LITTerFooD:
forms
tags
> RFID
» E-Tolls
digital sensors
invisible online data collection
transaction tracking
location based data

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18
Q

what does the form method entail

A

web form

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19
Q

web form

A

online interactive page that allows user input

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20
Q

format of web form

A

imitates physical form

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21
Q

what do web forms make use of and why?

A

GUI components
assist with user input + limit errors

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22
Q

GUI components used

A

checkboxes
combo boxes
spinners
drop down lists
text boxes
buttons

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23
Q

web form limitations

A

sophisticated
sensitive data capture

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24
Q

examples of sophisticated web forms

A

banking
shopping
job/enrolment applications

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25
Q

how are sophisticated web forms run?

A

programmed objects
functions
methods

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26
Q

effect of web forms on society

A

changed business processes
limits paperwork/documentation
online documentation favorable

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27
Q

what does tags entail?

A

electronic tags

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28
Q

how do electronic tags work?

A

transmission of radio frequency from tag to tag reader, or vica versa, transmits info to computer program associated with the tag

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29
Q

tags primary function

A

track/ID item

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30
Q

examples of how tags used

A

merchandising warehouses
vehicle tracking
pet tracking

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31
Q

examples of types/applications of tags

A

RFID
e-tolls and RFID

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32
Q

RFID stands for

A

radio frequency identification

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33
Q

what does RFID refer to?

A

tiny chips that can store a few KB of info

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34
Q

how is RFID used?

A

RFID chip scanned to RFID reader
info read + displayed on computer
{software used to add to DB}

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35
Q

how popular is RFID :P

A

thousands of businesses around the world :P

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36
Q

RFID used to tag (examples) …

A

products
> warehouse
> shop
tools in workshop
tickets
> conference, sports events, concerts
> public transport

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37
Q

how are products in a warehouse tagged?

A

item removed > automatically scanned + removed from DB

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38
Q

how are tools in a workshop tagged?

A

track what used, by who, and when returned

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39
Q

how are tickets of events tagged?

A

arrival at gate opens it automatically
data to DB

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40
Q

how are tickets of transport tagged?

A

Gautrain
trip recorded to DB
cost subtracted from user’s balance

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41
Q

how are products in shops tagged?

A

item purchased > scanned > product info retrieved > bill
> removed from inventory

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42
Q

what are the two essential parts working together to make RFID usage possible?

A

RFID
software

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43
Q

elaborate on relationship between RFID and software

A

basic RFID reader scans info on RFID chips > available to computer
software automatically adds that info to DB + additional info (when + where scanned)

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44
Q

e-toll meaning

A

electronic toll

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45
Q

what is the RFID chip used in e-tolls?

A

e-tag

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46
Q

how were e-tags employed?

A

motorists required to purchase one

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47
Q

what did e-toll system use to achieve goal?

A

combo of cameras and RFID readers
auto record info of vehicles driving through toll gantry
info in DB
DB used to generate monthly invoice

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48
Q

what is a digital sensor?

A

an electronic or electrochemical sensor that converts and transmits data digitally

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49
Q

examples of data transmitted by digital sensors

A

temperature
distance
humidity
light

50
Q

what do sensors sense?

A

wide range of different energy forms:
- mvmt (Ek)
- electrical signals (V)
- radiant energy (Ep)
- pressure (k)
- thermal energy (C/Ep)
- magnetic energy (N)

51
Q

what do wireless sensor tags do?

A

connect events in physical world

52
Q

examples of events in physical world transmitted

A

motion sensors
door/window opened/closed
temp/humidity exceed limit
smartphones/web browsers with internet access

53
Q

role of DB in internet

A

heart/memory
store most info displayed

54
Q

where the role of DB in the internet particularly evident and why?

A

websites where users create content
impossible to manually add data
info entered automatically added to DB

55
Q

how else are DB used for social networking apps?

A

DB on devices store user’s personal info (login details)

56
Q

example of invisible online data collection?

A

cookie

57
Q

what is a cookie?

A
  1. a message given to a web browser by a web server
  2. the web browser stores the message in a text file
  3. each time the browser requests a page from the server the message is sent back to the server
58
Q

what are cookies used for?

A
  1. identifies users > customise accordingly
  2. personal info entered once
59
Q

how are cookies used to personalise your internet experience?

A

advertisements targeted by advertising companies

60
Q

how do adverts use data to send you relevant ads?

A

a lot of data - massive DBs
software that automatically tracks users and their activity

61
Q

use of software in automatic data capture

A

read and record info in DB
automate reports

62
Q

what does transaction tracking refer to?

A

tracking of customer’s transaction data

63
Q

examples of transaction data

A

type
store
employee
customer
payment info

64
Q

where is the transaction data sent?

A

stores > corporate DB

65
Q

where is transaction data stored?

A

credit cards
store cards (Edgars)
store loyalty cards (Clicks ClubCard)

66
Q

benefits of transaction tracking

A

consumer safety
enhancing on-site experience - tracking browsing history + demographic profiles
fraud detection

67
Q

disadvantage of transaction tracking

A

unauthorised use of personal info

68
Q

what is location based data?

A

data that provides information about different things that can be shown on maps

69
Q

types of location based data

A

static and non-static

70
Q

static LBD examples

A

roadmaps
farming info
government buildings + assets
electric distribution networks (pylons, substations)
military info

71
Q

non-static LBD examples

A

position/tracking of aeroplanes, transport, people, animals/pets, satellites, traffic
based on input from geographic positioning systems (GPS).

72
Q

What is used for the application of LBD?

A

LBS location based services

73
Q

What are location based services?

A

Services that use software applications together with location-based databases to deliver a service

74
Q

Examples of LBS

A

best route
location of stolen vehicle
lost pet
Pokémon GO

75
Q

What is the third type of location based thing?

A

Location based computing

76
Q

Location based computing

A

Software based on a user’s location

77
Q

How do the location based things relate to one another?

A

LBD + LBC = LBS

78
Q

What is best at LBC

A

Smartphones and tablets

79
Q

Examples of LBC

A

Weather apps
Food delivery apps
Car sharing services - Uber

80
Q

What is a warehouse?

A

Place where you can store a large number of items/products

81
Q

Data warehousing

A

Technique for storing data from more than one database, similar to how factories and distribution companies store items irl

82
Q

How does a data warehouse differ from most DBs?

A

Takes data from DBs and store in non-normalised/efficient way

83
Q

What does this mean for the data?

A

Redundancies
Additional storage space

84
Q

What is normalisation?

A

The process of refining the structure of a DB to minimise redundancy and improve integrity

85
Q

What is data redundancy?

A

State in which the same piece of data is held in more than one place in a DB

86
Q

What is data warehousing used in?

A

BI - business intelligence

87
Q

What is BI?

A

several technologies and applications that are used to improve business decision making

88
Q

What is the goal of data warehousing?

A

Make data available and ready for analysis

89
Q

How does a data warehouse differ from the DBs on which it is formed?

A
  • not contain copies of og DBs
  • new DB created to hold structured data from multiple sources (DB)
90
Q

Data warehouse access

A

Usually opened to multiple people in diff dept of company - access data and use to useful create graphs and reports

91
Q

How are data warehouses and DB similar?

A

Relational data systems

92
Q

How does a db and data warehouse differ?

A

Purpose

93
Q

Purpose of data warehouse

A

stores a large quantity of historical data and all the data
from the various databases are available

94
Q

Purpose of DB

A

stores current transactions and enables easy access to specific
transactions for ongoing business processes

95
Q

What is data mining?

A

Process used to identify trends/patterns between different data sets in large DBs (big data) by selecting applicable data from them

96
Q

What can data mining improve?

A

Decision making

97
Q

Area in which data mining is used

A

Marketing

98
Q

How is data mining used in marketing?

A

Explores increasingly large DBs to improve market segmentation

99
Q

How does data mining perform market segmentation?

A
  • extracts personal data pertaining to certain demographics
  • looks for patterns/trends between them
  • guesses behaviour accordingly
  • directs personalised loyalty campaigns
100
Q

what can data mining predict in terms of market segmentation?

A
  • subscriptions
  • interests based on searches
  • mailing list content with successful response
101
Q

give examples of big data

A
  • Amazon sales info
  • TV show views
  • Tweets
102
Q

what is the basic process used to make sense of big data?

A

data mining process

103
Q

data mining process

A
  • extract relevant data
  • look for patterns in data
  • discover knowledge from patterns
104
Q

example of massive DB?

A

UN DB -info for most countries in world

105
Q

why do you need to extract the data?

A
  • large amounts of data
  • select useful, small section of data
  • don’t filter massive DB, use full DB to create new DB containing only relevant info
106
Q

how is data (mostly) extracted from the DB?

A

sql :P (I <3 sql)

107
Q

what is sql?

A

programming language created to manipulate and extract data from a database

108
Q

what can users do with sql?

A

specify exact data wanting to extract

109
Q

how to make sql query?

A
  • fields
  • data table
  • conditions
    = only data meeting requirements extracted + used for analysis
110
Q

why do we look for patterns in the data?

A
  • large data : impossible to look at individual data points
  • understand data set in whole
    = knowledge - decisions - strategies
111
Q

how do these steps create knowledge?

A
  • patterns turn large amount of disorganised data into few useful facts
  • confirm truth of data
  • informed decisions made + strategies developed
112
Q

what does SASSA stand for?

A

South African Social Security Agency

113
Q

what does SASSA do?

A

provide social security services against vulnerability and poverty

114
Q

how does SASSA achieve this?

A

through social grants

115
Q

how are grants provisioned?

A

‘means tested’ - assesses value of assets + income > threshold eligible for grant

116
Q

what does the gov issue to determine living circumstances of SA?

A

annual GHS - general household survey

117
Q

what does the GHS include?

A

big data on:
- education
- health
- social development
- housing
- service and facility access
- food security
- agriculture

118
Q

how is the GHS used to provide social grants to citizens?

A

data mining:
- useful data extracted
- data analysed
- obtain knowledge/info
> provides budget for necessary grants + where to set threshold + reports

119
Q

how are social networking sites examples of big data?

A
  • accumulate personal data over time > identifiable data collection
  • users don’t understand extent
  • becomes Big Data
  • data integration mixes it with other data sources
120
Q

how is this social networking Big Data used in data mining?

A
  • access, extract relevant, store in smaller DB
  • apps using data analytics analyse online presence and behaviour to compile data about users
  • info/knowledge > determine emotional state, suggest friends, etc.

Information Technology (9 decks)

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