Chapter 1 Data Collection Flashcards
STATISTICS
The science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer questions.
It is also about providing s measure of confidence in any conclusions.
DATA
Facts or propositions used to draw a conclusion or make a decision.
Describe characteristics of an individual.
POPULATION
The entire group to be studied
SAMPLE
A subset of the population being studied
INDIVIDUAL
A person or an object that is a member of the population being studied
STATISTIC
A numerical summary of a sample
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
The organizing and summarizing of data through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs, without making any general conclusions about the population
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Uses methods that take a result from a sample, extend it to the population, and measure the reliability of the result (level of confidence)
PARAMETER
A numerical summary of a population
VARIABLES
The characteristics of the individuals in a study
QUALITATIVE (CATEGORICAL) VARIABLES
Classify individuals based on some attribute
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Numerical measures of individuals. Values can be added or subtracted.
DISCRETE VARIABLE
A quantitative variable that has either a finite or countable number of possible values
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
A quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable.
Typically results from a measurement.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Type of study in which the researcher observes happenings, measures things of interest, and draws conclusions
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Type of study in which the researcher manipulates a variable, tries to determine how the manipulation affects other variables (treatment group, control grpup)
CENSUS
A survey of each and every member of a population
NONRESPONSE
Respondents can choose not to be contacted or not to answer
UNDERCOVERAGE
Refers to people in a population that have absolutely no chance of being included in the sample
CONFOUNDING
Occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated
LURKING VARIABLE
An explanatory variable that was not considered in a study but that affects the value of the response variable
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
An observational study that collects information about individuals at a specific point in time or over a very short period of time
3 TYPES OF OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
Cross-Sectional (point in time or short period of time)
Case-Control (retrospective; paired groups)
Cohort (selected group over time; prospective)
CASE-CONTROL STUDY
An observational study that is retrospective; requiring individuals to look back in time or the researcher to look at existing records.
Individuals that have certain characteristics are paired with those that do not.