Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mat 135 Elementary Statistics - Spring 2022 > Chapter 1 Data Collection > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Data Collection Flashcards

1
Q

STATISTICS

A

The science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer questions.

It is also about providing s measure of confidence in any conclusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DATA

A

Facts or propositions used to draw a conclusion or make a decision.

Describe characteristics of an individual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

POPULATION

A

The entire group to be studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SAMPLE

A

A subset of the population being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

INDIVIDUAL

A

A person or an object that is a member of the population being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

STATISTIC

A

A numerical summary of a sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

A

The organizing and summarizing of data through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs, without making any general conclusions about the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

A

Uses methods that take a result from a sample, extend it to the population, and measure the reliability of the result (level of confidence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PARAMETER

A

A numerical summary of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

VARIABLES

A

The characteristics of the individuals in a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

QUALITATIVE (CATEGORICAL) VARIABLES

A

Classify individuals based on some attribute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

A

Numerical measures of individuals. Values can be added or subtracted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DISCRETE VARIABLE

A

A quantitative variable that has either a finite or countable number of possible values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

A

A quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable.

Typically results from a measurement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

A

Type of study in which the researcher observes happenings, measures things of interest, and draws conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

A

Type of study in which the researcher manipulates a variable, tries to determine how the manipulation affects other variables (treatment group, control grpup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CENSUS

A

A survey of each and every member of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

NONRESPONSE

A

Respondents can choose not to be contacted or not to answer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

UNDERCOVERAGE

A

Refers to people in a population that have absolutely no chance of being included in the sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CONFOUNDING

A

Occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated

21
Q

LURKING VARIABLE

A

An explanatory variable that was not considered in a study but that affects the value of the response variable

22
Q

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

A

An observational study that collects information about individuals at a specific point in time or over a very short period of time

23
Q

3 TYPES OF OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES

A

Cross-Sectional (point in time or short period of time)
Case-Control (retrospective; paired groups)
Cohort (selected group over time; prospective)

24
Q

CASE-CONTROL STUDY

A

An observational study that is retrospective; requiring individuals to look back in time or the researcher to look at existing records.

Individuals that have certain characteristics are paired with those that do not.

25
Q

COHORT STUDY

A

An observational study that follows a selected group (cohort) over a period of time, during which characteristics are recorded.

Because data are collected over time, cohort studies are prospective.

26
Q

ADVANTAGE OF CASE CONTROL STUDIES

A

The Control group allows for comparison

27
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF CASE-CONTROL STUDIES

A
  1. Individuals must remember details

2. Records might not exist

28
Q

ADVANTAGE OF COHORT STUDIES

A

The researcher doesn’t need to rely on the memory of participants or existing records

29
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF COHORT STUDIES

A
  1. Time and labor-intensive

2. Can be expensive

30
Q

EXAMPLE OF A COHORT STUDY

A

The Framingham Study

31
Q

RANDOM SAMPLING

A

The process of using chance to select individuals from a population to be included in a sample

32
Q

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

A

A sample of size n is obtained from a population of size N, if every possible sample size n has an equal chance of occurring

33
Q

FRAME

A

A list of all the individuals in the population of interest

34
Q

SAMPLING WITHOUT REPLACEMENT

A

An individual who is selected from the population to be in the sample cannot be selected again

35
Q

STRATIFIED SAMPLE

A

A sample obtained by dividing the population into nonoverlapping groups (strata) then obtaining a simple random sample from each stratum.

The individuals in each stratum should be homogeneous in some way.

36
Q

ADVANTAGE OF STRATIFIED SAMPLING

A

The researcher can determine characteristics within each stratum, which allows an analysis to be performed to determine whether any significant differences exist among them.

37
Q

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLE

A

A sample obtained by selecting every kth individual from the population. The first individual selected corresponds to a number between 1 and k.

Does not require a frame

38
Q

ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

A
  1. Useful when researcher cannot gather a list of all the individuals in a population
  2. Typically provides more info for a given cost than simple random sampling
  3. Easier to employ, so less likelihood of of interviewer error occurring
39
Q

CLUSTER SAMPLE

A

A sample obtained by selecting all of the individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals

40
Q

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

A

A sample in which the individuals are easily obtained and not based on randomness

41
Q

MULTISTAGE SAMPLING

A

Sampling, usually for large-scale surveys, that uses a combination of techniques

42
Q

SAMPLING BIAS

A

Occurs when the technique used to obtain the sample’s individuals tends to favor one part of the population over another

43
Q

NONRESPONSE BIAS

A

Occurs when individuals selected to be in a sample who do not respond to the survey have different opinions than those who do

44
Q

RESPONSE BIAS

A

Occurs when the answers on a survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent

45
Q

TYPES OF RESPONSE BIAS

A
  • Interviewer error
  • Wording of questions
  • Ordering of questions or words
  • Type of Question (open or closed)
  • Data or entry error
46
Q

METHODS TO IMPROVE NONRESPONSE

A
  • Callbacks

- Using rewards or incentives

47
Q

NONSAMPLING ERRORS

A
  • Undercoverage
  • Nonresponse bias
  • Response bias
  • Data entry error
  • Incorrect answers to questions
48
Q

SAMPLING ERRORS

A

Results from using a sample that gives incomplete information about a population

Mat 135 Elementary Statistics - Spring 2022 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions