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CENG | CMB | MI > Chapter 1 CMB Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 CMB Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Smallest, most basic unit of life

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2
Q

What is a single cell?

A

Unicellular (bacteria cells)

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3
Q

What is many types of cell?

A

Multi-cellular (human organs)

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4
Q

What are the levels of structural organization? (6 levels)

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organismal
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5
Q

What is the higher order of organisation in more complex animals and plants? (4 types, in order)

A
  1. Cells
  2. Tissues
  3. Organs
  4. Systems
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6
Q

What are the different types of microscopes? (3 types)

A
  1. Light Microscope
  2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
  3. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
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7
Q

What is a Light Microscope?

A

It is the most basic microscope which views the overall shape and structure of the cell

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8
Q

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

A

It does surface scanning of cellular details

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9
Q

What is a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

A

It can view thin specimen sections and internal cell structure

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10
Q

For Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), what must the samples be coated with?

A

Samples must be coated with real gold

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11
Q

Which type of microscope is used to visualize a white blood cell?

A

Light Microscope

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12
Q

Which type of microscope is used to view the finest details of surface of human hair?

A

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

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13
Q

Which type of microscope is used to view detailed structure of an organelle in human liver?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

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14
Q

What are the basic properties of cells? (8 properties)

A
  1. Small, and composed of complex biomolecules
  2. Can replicate
  3. Can metabolize [2 types: Catabolize (make ATP) and Anabolize (require ATP)]
  4. Capable of self regulation
  5. Osmoregulate
  6. Active
  7. Respond to stimuli
  8. Die
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15
Q

What are prokaryotes? (3 classifications)

A
  1. Unicellular
  2. Simple structure & lack distinct nucleus
  3. Lack of membrane bound cell organelles
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16
Q

What are eukaryotes? (3 classifications)

A
  1. Uni & Multicellular
  2. Complex structure & has a membrane-bound nucleus
  3. Contain membrane bound cell organelles
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17
Q

What are types of prokaryotic cells? (2 types)

A
  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Eubacteria
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18
Q

What is archaebacteria?

A

Ancient bacteria found in extreme environments, and cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan

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19
Q

What is eubacteria?

A

Found everywhere, and cell wall contains peptidoglycan

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20
Q

In prokaryotic cells, what is the function of flagella and pili?

A

Flagella helps them to move and pili helps to attach

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21
Q

What is the bacterial cell structure? (9 examples, in order)

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell wall
  4. Capsule
  5. Nucleoid
  6. Ribosomes
  7. Flagella
  8. Fimbriae
  9. Conjugation pili
22
Q

What is plasma membrane?

A

Surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates entrance and exit of molecules

23
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Contains nucleoid and ribosomes

24
Q

What is cell wall?

A

Maintains the shape of cell

25
Q

What is capsule?

A

Protective coat (makes them more resistant to antibiotic)

26
Q

What is nucleoid?

A

Where bacterium DNA is located

27
Q

What is ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

28
Q

What is flagella?

A

Tail-like appendages that allow bacteria to propel themselves

29
Q

What is fimbriae?

A

Small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from cell surface

30
Q

What is conjugation pili?

A

Allow bacterial DNA to transfer from one cell to another

31
Q

What are some types of eukaryotic cells? (2 types)

A
  1. Plant cell
  2. Animal cell
32
Q

What are common features of eukaryotic cells?

A

The cytoplasm and nucleus contains organelles

33
Q

Many organelles have membranes as boundaries. What do boundaries do?

A
  1. These compartmentalize the interior of the cell
  2. This allows the cell to carry out a variety of activities simultaneously
34
Q

Are eukaryotic cells partitioned into functional compartments?

A

Yes

35
Q

What are some structures of a plant cell that an animal cell lacks? (4 structures)

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Chloroplast
  3. Large central vacuole
  4. Amyloplast
36
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell? (4 differences)

A
  1. Prokaryotic cell are smaller in size, while eukaryotic cell are larger
  2. Prokaryotic cell are has simple cell complexity, while eukaryotic cell are complexed
  3. Prokaryotic cell has a circular DNA form, while eukaryotic cell are linear
  4. Prokaryotic cell has no nucleus, no nuclear membrane and no membrane bound organelles while eukaryotic cell have all of those
37
Q

What are the structures found only in Eukaryotes? (4 types)

A
  1. Membrane bound organelles
  2. Membrane bound nucleus
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum
  4. Cytoskeleton
38
Q

What features do all cells share?

A
  1. DNA
  2. Plasma membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Ribosomes
39
Q

What shape are cells that protect body surfaces and cavities? Why are they shaped like that? (epithelial cells)

A

They are often flatted or square-like in shape so they can fit together and cover surfaces

40
Q

What shape are red blood cells? Why are they shaped like that?

A

Red blood cells are shaped like biconcave discs as it helps them absorb oxygen and be a little more flexible when passing through small blood vessels

41
Q

What happens when cell size is too large? (3 examples)

A
  1. Centre of cell would die
  2. Transport mechanism (diffusion) cannot proceed fast enough to allow exchange of materials
  3. Cell growth stops
42
Q

How to increase surface area of cells?

A

Cells lining intestine has finger-like projections

43
Q

What are viruses?

A

They are non-cellular organisms (not in cell), and they become active and strong when they invade a person

44
Q

What are viruses composed of?

A

They are composed of a core of DNA or RNA (either one) surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid

45
Q

Can viruses grow?

A

No, they cannot grow but they do reproduce

46
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living cells (must invade system)

47
Q

Outside the host cell, a virus occurs as a _______

A

Virion

48
Q

What can viral infections lead to? (2 examples)

A

Either you die, or the virus coexists and lives with you

49
Q

How are viruses classified? (5 ways)

A
  1. Types of genetic materials (DNA or RNA)
  2. Capsid’s size and shape
  3. Number of strands in nucleic acid (Single stranded or Double stranded)
  4. Presence or absence of envelope
  5. Nature of host (victim)
50
Q

What is the process of viral growth inside the host cell? (7 processes)

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry and uncoating
  3. Transcription
  4. Biosynthesis
  5. Translation
  6. Maturation
  7. Release

CENG | CMB | MI (25 decks)

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