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Unit 1, 2, 3: Churchill > Chapter 1: Churchill's views of events 1929-40 > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Churchill's views of events 1929-40 Flashcards

1
Q

Who did Churchill praise in 1922 and what did this make him seem like?

A

Mussolini

A hypocrite

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2
Q

What did the 1930s see?

A

High unemployment

Economic turmoil

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3
Q

What was the unemployment rate in January 1933?

A

23%

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4
Q

Why was Churchill out of office for so long?

A

Conflicted with members of his party

Supported a series of unpopular causes and spoke about them recklessly

Returned Britain to the Gold Standard in 1925 which Britain had to leave in 1931

Oversaw the Gallipoli Campaign as First Lord of the Admiralty

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5
Q

What did Churchill believe India to be?

A

“jewel in the crown” of the empire

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5
Q

Why was Churchill against Indian independence?

A

British rule prevented the domination of the Hindu elites over the Muslim Indian population

Ensured the end of barbaric practices and meant economic and social progress

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6
Q

What did Churchill believe Indians were?

A

Racially inferior and needed to be ruled by “superior” Anglo men

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7
Q

What did Gandhi do?

A

Led non-violent protests for independence

Led a mass march to the sea to protest against a salt tax in 1930

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8
Q

What were the Round Table Conferences?

A

Series of conferences to discuss constitutional reform

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9
Q

When were the conferences held?

A

Between November 1930 and December 1932

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10
Q

What did Churchill say in a speech about the conferences on (blank)?

A

Warned against the RTC granting any concessions to Gandhi’s agenda

11/12/30

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11
Q

What had Churchill called for in (blank) and where did this take place?

A

1930

The government to restrict the tiger

India Empire Society

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12
Q

What happened on 3/12/31 and what was Churchill’s involvement?

A

The dominion status debate failed

Voted against it

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12
Q

What did Churchill describe Gandhi as?

A

“malignant, subversive fanatic”

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12
Q

What had Churchill described Gandhi as in (blank) and where did this take place?

A

1931

“a seditious Middle Temple lawyer now posing as a Fakir”

West Essex Conservative Association

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13
Q

What did the government announce in 1933?

A

Intentions of allowing India greater self-government

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14
Q

What was the Government of India Act (blank)?

A

Expanded the electorate to 35 million

Elected legislatures set up for local affairs

1935

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15
Q

What was Churchill’s position on the Act?

A

Voted against it

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16
Q

What did Churchill write to Gandhi following the reforms?

A

Expressed concerns about the wellbeing of the Dalits

“I am genuinely sympathetic about India”

“make the reforms a success”

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17
Q

Who did Churchill attempt to make resign and when?

A

Samuel Hoare: Secretary for India

1934

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18
Q

What did Leo Amery say about Churchill?

A

He had a “unique ability to stir up a hornets’ nest when there were no hornets’”

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19
Q

What did his position on India result in?

A

Isolated him from the moderate Conservatives

Baldwin undermined his position through calm and moderate speeches

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20
Q

Why were Edward and Wallis unable to marry?

A

Wallis was divorced

Public opinion wouldn’t accept Wallis as Queen

Lead to the breakaway of the dominions

Government would resign

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21
Q

Which group was Churchill a member of?

A

The King’s Friends who supported the monarch for reasons of personal loyalty and chivalry

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22
Q

What did Churchill do in December 1937?

A

Misjudged the mood and was shouted down in the HOC

23
Q

Why was Churchill alarmed by Germany?

A

Disliked Hitler’s character

Saw the new regime as brutal

Feared a repeat of the 1914 arms race

24
Q

What was Churchill worried about and why?

A

Air power and Britain being defenceless

Knew the effects of aerial bombing after agreeing to attacks on Iraqi rebels in 1920 as Colonial Secretary

25
Q

What was the 10-Year-Rule?

A

Suggestion by Churchill that defence planning should not consider a war likely for the next ten years and justified cutbacks in defence

26
Q

What did this lead to?

A

Outdated weaponry

27
Q

What had the financial crisis led to and what did this mean?

A

Deep cuts in expenditure

Rearmament was a lower priority

28
Q

What was the 1934 Means Test and what did this show?

A

Imposed stringent conditions on public help for the unemployed or those in poverty

Needed to be a compelling reason to begin an arms race

29
Q

What did Churchill do in November 1934?

A

Warned against Germany on radio

30
Q

What did Churchill say in a speech in November 1934?

A

“there is cause for anxiety… and the character of the present German dictatorship”

31
Q

What did Baldwin believe in a speech in 1936 and why was this correct?

A

Campaigning for rearmament would have lost him the election

Fulham East by-election

32
Q

Why was rearmament seen as unnecessary?

A

Not unreasonable for Germany to build up its forces due to a possible threat from the USSR

French had large forces

33
Q

What did Churchill’s stance on Germany show?

A

He was part of a pre-1914 mentality to Germany

34
Q

What did Hitler do in 1935 and 1936 and what did this break?

A

1935: reintroduced conscription

1936: remilitarised the Rhineland and exceeded arms limits production

Treaty of Versailles

35
Q

What was Britain forced to do in 1935?

A

Condemn the Italian invasion of Ethiopia

Impose tariffs and sanctions on Italy

36
Q

What was leaked in 1936 and what was the consequence?

A

Hoare-Laval Pact: Britain and France’s proposal to offer Mussolini most of Ethiopia

Weakened the League of Nations

37
Q

What was the result of the invasion and what did it signify?

A

Drew Mussolini closer to Hitler

Rome-Berlin Axis 1936
Lack of allies

38
Q

What was the Anglo-German Naval Treaty (blank)?

A

Germany could build up its naval fleet to 35% of that of Britain’s

1935

39
Q

What was Chamberlain’s solution in dealing with Germany?

A

Negotiate proactively to prevent war

Had little faith in the LON (Manchuria 31 and Ethiopia 35)

Had support from the majority of his party but a minority (incl. Churchill opposed it)

40
Q

What happened in March 1938?

A

Germany annexed Austria

41
Q

What showed that there was little reason for foreign intervention?

A

Annexation had 99.73% support via a plebiscite

42
Q

What did Churchill do after the annexation?

A

Called for a mutual defence pact

Said “the gravity of the events … cannot be exaggerated”

43
Q

What did Hitler do in September 1938?

A

Placed troops on the Czech border to annex the German-speaking Sudetenland

44
Q

What was Chamberlain’s response but what was the problem?

A

He put pressure on the Czechs to make concessions and flew to meet Hitler to negotiate

It was dubious on grounds of both morality and validity since Britain was not directly involved

45
Q

What was the Munich Agreement of 1938, what were there little attempts to do, and what was it seen as and why?

A

An agreement between Germany, Italy, France, and Britain, by which Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions and defences to Germany

Resist Hitler’s demands

A diplomatic triumph because Chamberlain got Hitler to sign a pact guaranteeing future consultation

46
Q

What did Churchill view it as?

A

A “gross neglect” and as if Britain had suffered a defeat

47
Q

What was unrealistic and why?

A

That Britain could have gone to war in 1938

Britain was still rearming and had only just been accelerated

It was still possible to negotiate peacefully and Hitler’s speeches were dismissed as crowd-pleasing rhetoric

48
Q

What were Britain’s concerns?

A

It didn’t have an expeditionary force for war-ready

Fear of imperial overstretch and Italy and Japan taking advantage of the vital British interests of Egypt, the Suez Canal, and India

49
Q

What were Britain’s concerns regarding allies?

A

There was a lack of allies

There were no discussions of an alliance with France or the USSR

France didn’t want a repeat of the losses of WW1

The U.S. favoured isolationism and Neutrality Acts prevented it from supplying countries engaged in war

50
Q

What happened after the Munich Agreement?

A

Public opinion changed

Conscription

Planning for air raids

Formation of an expeditionary force

Increase in air force

51
Q

What happened after war was declared?

A

Churchill was promoted to First Lord of the Admiralty

52
Q

What did the government lack?

A

Dynamic ministers with war experience and had an ineffective Minister for Coordination of Defence

53
Q

What was the Norway campaign and what was the outcome?

A

A campaign run by Churchill in an attempt to lay mines in Norweigan waters

Landings were not a success, it was poorly managed, and its purpose was questionable

54
Q

What happened in the 7/8 May debates and what did Labour do and what did it reveal?

A

Amery told Chamberlain “in the name of God go”

Labour forced a vote of confidence about the conduct of the war in Norway: Chamberlain won 281 to 200 -> hadn’t been defeated however 40 Conservative MPs voted nay and 40 abstained

It revealed the hostility he was exposed to

55
Q

Who was the favourite to replace Chamberlain but what was the issue?

A

Lord Halifax (former Foreign Secretary)

He was reluctant to give up his peerage and didn’t feel fit for the job

56
Q

What was Labour’s position?

A

Atlee supported Churchill and believed he would bring a new determination to the war

Labour wouldn’t serve under Chamberlain

57
Q

What happened on 10/5/40?

A

King George VI reluctantly appointed Churchill as PM (would have preferred Lord Halifax) after news came of the invasion of Holland and Belgium

58
Q

What was Churchill not but what was he?

A

The obvious choice
Was decisive and had been right about Germany

Unit 1, 2, 3: Churchill (3 decks)

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