Chapter 1 Child Psych Flashcards
Infancy to puberty
Childhood
The first two years of life
Infancy
Early childhood
2-5
Middle childhood
6-12
Adolescence
13-20
Changes in type or kind , development
Qualitative
Changes in amount , growth
Quantitative changes
Children were thought to be innately evil and miniature adults in
Medieval time
Who said a child is born tabula rasa, a blank state , to be shaped by experience
Locke
Who said children are naturally good and will express nature if allowed
Rousseau
Baby biography
Darwin
Growth refers to what changes
Physical
Development refers to what changes
Mental
Behaviorism, learning, nurture
John Watson
Biological maturation , nature
Gesellschaft
The part that is unconscious , contains all the urges and impulses
Id
Conscious personality, the person is aware
Ego
Superego
Self criticism
Freud stage- sucking , early weaning or breastfed too long
Oral stage
Oral stage fixation
Nail biting , smoking
Freud stage- control and elimination of waste, excessively strict or permissive toilet training
Anal stage
Anal stage fixation
Anal retentive (neatness) anal expulsion (sloppiness)
Freud stage- parent child conflict over masturbation , view same sex parent rival
Phallic stage
Sexual feelings remain unconscious
Latency stage
Begins at adolescence, sexual gratification Freud
Genital stage
Observable behaviors only
Behaviorism
Neural stimulus repeatedly paired with second stimulus
Simple learning
Who talked about reinforcement
Skinner
The simple form of learning in which an originally neutral stimulus comes to bring forth , the response is brought fourth by a second stimulus
Classical conditioning
Skinner distinguished between
Positive and negative reinforcements
Increase the frequency of behaviors when they are applied
Positive reinforcers
Increase the frequency of behaviors when they are removed
Negative reinforcements
Bandura Social cognitive theory
Much of children’s learning also occurs by observing parents, teachers, other children, and characters in the media. Learn through observation
Cognition plays a central role
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive developmental theory
Schemes, adaptation, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration
Piaget defines what as a pattern of action or a mental structure that is involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge
Scheme
Piaget defines what which reflects the interaction between the organism and the environment . All organisms adapt to their environment, natural biological tendency, assimilation and accommodation, interaction between child and environment
Adaptation
Piaget- responding to a new object or event according to existing schemes
Assimilation
Piagets four main stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Focus on two way interactions between parent and child , not just maturational or child rearing approaches
Bronfenbrenner
5 embedded systems - ecological systems theory of child development
Microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macro system, chronosystem
What system is family, school, health services, neighborhood playground
Microsystem
System with extended family and neighbors
Exosystem
System that deals with attitudes and ideologies of the culture
Macrosystem
System that deals with environmental changes that occur over time
Chronosystem
Views that children are social beings who are influenced by the cultures in which they live
Sociocultural perspective VYGOTSKY
In Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, this zone includes a range of tasks a child can perform with the help of someone more skilled , use conversations
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky’s Term that is when adult provides problem solving methods until a child can perform independently
Scaffolding
Nature =
Heredity
