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Biology - G9 Term 1 > Chapter 1: Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

List all the characteristics of living organisms [7]

A
  1. Movement
  2. Respiration
  3. Sensitivity
  4. Growth
  5. Reproduction
  6. Excretion
  7. Nutrition
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2
Q

Give the definition of MRS GREN [2+2+2+2+2+2+2]

A
  1. Movement as an action by an organism or a part of an organism causing a change of position or place
  2. Respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
  3. Sensitivity as the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment
  4. Growth as a permanent increase in size and dry mass
  5. Reproduction as the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
  6. Excretion as the removal of the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements
  7. Nutrition as the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
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3
Q

Define metabolism [1]

A

Chemical reactions that take place inside living organisms

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical reactions along with examples [4]

A
  1. Anabolic (build up of particles). Eg: glucose forming starch in plants and being stored in chloroplasts
  2. Catabolic (breaking down). Eg: glucose being broken down for energy during respiration
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5
Q

Define a Common Ancestor [2]

A

A species that lived in the past, and is thought to have given rise to several different species alive today

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6
Q

What are Stimuli [1]

A

changes inside/outside body to which we respond to (sensitivity)

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7
Q

Rules of Binomial Nomenclature [3]

A
  1. First name Genus, 2nd name species
  2. First letter of Genus should be capitalized
  3. Handwritten - should be underlined separately
    Typing - in italics
    Earl Linnaeus came up with Binomial Nomenclature
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8
Q

What was Linnaeus’ System of Classification [7]

A

Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

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9
Q

Why do we classify organisms [3]

A
  1. To study them
  2. Understand evolutionary behavior
  3. Conservation
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10
Q

Timeline of how we used to classify organisms [3+3]

A
  1. Morphology - studying of physical appearance of organisms (first method of classification)
  2. Anatomy - study of internal structure
  3. Base DNA sequences (sequence in proteins)
  4. Amino acid sequencing
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11
Q

Define the terms species, fertile and infertile [2+1+1]

A
  1. Species are organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
  2. Fertile are organisms that are able to reproduce
  3. Infertile or sterile organisms are those that are unable to reproduce
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12
Q

When is an animal infertile/sterile? [1]

A

Hybrids, or animals produced from the breeding of two different species, are usually sterile (though not always)

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13
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms? [5]

A
  1. Animalia
  2. Plantae
  3. Fungi
  4. Monera (Bacteria)
  5. Protoctista
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14
Q

Features of Monera Kingdom [8]

A
  1. Consists mainly of bacteria
  2. Unicellular
  3. Prokaryotic (no membrane bound nucleus)
  4. Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
  5. Heterotrophs (feed by absorption of externally digested food)
  6. Can survive extreme temperatures and found everywhere
  7. No mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, vacuole, vesicle
  8. Contains cytoplasm, circular DNA/nucleoid, plasmid, ribosomes, flagellum, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane
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15
Q

Features of Protoctista Kingdom [6]

A
  1. Usually aquatic, present in the soil/moist areas
  2. Mostly unicellular
  3. Eukaryotic, therefore have a nucleus and membrane mound organelles
  4. Some have plant-like organelles such as cell walls and chloroplast
  5. May be autotrophic (produce their own food) or heterotrophic
  6. Exhibit locomotion through cilia, flagella or pseudopodia
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16
Q

Features of Fungi Kingdom [10]

A
  1. Almost all the fungi have a filamentous structure except the yeast cells
  2. Can be unicellular/multicellular
  3. Consist of long thread-like structures known as hyphae which together form a mesh-like structure called mycelium
  4. Possesses a cell wall which is made up of chitin and polysaccharides
  5. Cell wall comprises protoplast which is differentiated into other cell parts such as cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell organelles and nuclei
  6. Its nucleus is dense, clear, with chromatin threads
  7. Eukaryotic
  8. Lack chloroplast
  9. Feed parasitically
  10. Reproduce via spores
17
Q

Features of Plant Kingdom [4]

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Cells contain nucleus, cell wall made of cellulose, chloroplast
  3. Autotrophs that carry out photosynthesis
  4. May have roots, stems and leaves
18
Q

Features of Animal Kingdom [3]

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Cells have a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplasts
  3. Heterotrophs – feed on organic substances made by other living organisms
19
Q

List the groups within the animal kingdom [9]

A
  1. Vertebrates:
    a. Fish
    b. Mammals
    c. Amphibians
    d. Reptiles
    e. Birds
  2. Invertebrates –> arthropods:
    a. Myriapods
    b. Crustaceans
    c. Insects
    d. Arachnids
20
Q

List the groups within the plant kingdom

A
  1. Ferns
  2. Plants
    i. Angiosperms (flowering)
    a. monocots
    b. dicots
    ii. Gymnosperms (non-flowering)
21
Q

What are arthropods? [3]

A
  1. Type of invertebrates
  2. Have an exoskeleton
  3. Several pairs of jointed legs
22
Q

List all the characteristics of each vertebrate group [10]

A

a. Fish - scaly skin, gills throughout their life, lay shell-less eggs underwater, have fins

b. Mammals - hair on their skin, young develop in a uterus, attached to their mother by a placenta, females have mammary glands which produce milk to feed their young, have different kinds of teeth (incisors, canines, molars, premolars), have a pinna (ear flap) on the outside of their body, sweat glands on skin, have diaphragm

c. Amphibians - skin with no scales. shell-less eggs laid underwater, tadpoles live in water but adults live on land, tadpoles have gills for lung exchange but adults have lungs 

d. Reptiles - scaly skin, eggs with soft, leathery waterproof shells

e. Birds - feathers and sometimes scales, have a beak, front 2 limbs act as wings, hard-shelled eggs
23
Q

List all the characteristics of each invertebrate group [8]

A

a. Myriapods - body consists of many similar segments, each segment has jointed legs, have one pair of antennae (millipede, centipede)

b. Crustaceans - breathe through gills, usually aquatic, more than 4 pairs of jointed legs, two pairs of antennae (lobster, crab, woodlice)

c. Insects - 3 pairs of jointed legs, two pairs of wings, breathe through tubes known as tracheae, body divided into head, thorax abdomen, one pair of antennae 

d. Arachnids - 4 pairs of jointed legs, no antennae, body divided into abdomen and cephalothorax, usually land dwelling (spiders, ticks, scorpions)
24
Q

Characteristics of ferns [4]

A
  1. Leaves called fronds
  2. Do not produce flowers
  3. Reproduce via spores produced on the underside of the fronds (called sori)
  4. Have roots, stems and leaves (fronds)
25
Q

Characteristics of types of plants [8]

A

i. Angiosperms (flowering) - plants with roots, stems and leaves, reproduce using flowers and seeds, their seeds are produced inside an ovary in the flower
a. monocots - have one cotyledon in their seed, tap roots, parallel veins of leaves, flower petals in multiples of 3, vascular bundles arranged randomly in the stem, narrow leaves
b. dicots - broad leaves, network of branching veins, flower petals in pairs of 4/5s, 2 cotyledons in seed, tap roots, vascular bundle arranged in a ring
ii. Gymnosperms (non-flowering)

26
Q

Features, Characteristics of a Virus [4]

A
  1. Viruses are not made of cells and are not living (known as entities)
  2. They have genetic material, DNA/RNA, surrounded by a protein coat
  3. The protein coat is known as a capsid and is made of capsomeres
  4. Reproduce through the lytic cycle

Biology - G9 Term 1 (6 decks)

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