Chapter 1 - Chapter 3 Flashcards
Penal System
Relating to, used for, or prescribing the punishers or offenders under the legal system.
Great Experiment of Social Control
Generation of Americans who witnessed the great expansion in government control ever undertaken by a democratic state.
Triple Whammy
Less probation, Longer Prison Terms, and Stricter post sentence supervision.
Corrections
The variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have been accused of convicted of criminal offenses.
Social Control
Actions or practices, of individuals and institutions, designed to induce conformity with the norms and rules of society.
System
A complex, whole consisting of interdependent parts who actions are directed toward goals and are influenced by the environment within which they function.
Federalism
A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national governments and states government.
Street-Level Bureaucrats
Public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their work, granting access to government programs and providing services within them.
Benefit of Clergy
The right to be tried in a ecclesiastical court, where punishments were less severe than those meted out by civil courts, given the religious focus on penance and salvation.
Galley Slavery
Forced rowing of large ships or galleys.
House of Correction
Detention facility that combined major elements if a workhouse, poorhouse, and penal industry by both disciplining individuals who were housed in the facility and setting them to work.
Transportation
The practice of transplanting individuals convicted of crimes from the community to another region or land, often a penal colony.
Hulks
Abandoned ships that the English converted to hold convicted people during a period of prison crowding between 1776 and 1790.
Corporal Punishment
Punishment inflicted on the convicted person’s body with whips or other devices that cause pain.
The Enlightenment, or Age of Reason
A cultural movement in England and France during the 1700s, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.
Cesare Beccaria
Book on Crime and Punishments, Classical Criminology, Enlightenment.
Classical Criminology
A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will, that demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and that stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others.
Jeremy Bentham
Reformers of English criminal law. Utilitarianism, Hedonic Calculus, Panopticon.
Utilitarianism
The doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain, hence the belief that a punishment inflicted on a person convicted of committing a crime must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted.
Hedonic Calculus
All people are directed through pleasurable incentives or punishment. This reward and consequence idea shapes a person’s behavior.
Panopticon
Circular Prisons (didn’t stick long, only came to Pennsylvania and Illinois)
John Howard
English prison reformer that did more for the penal reform in England. Penitentiary Act of 1779.
Secular Law
The law of the civil society, as distinguished from church law.
Wergild
“Man Money” — money paid to relatives of a murdered person or to the victim of a crime to compensate them and to prevent a blood feud.
Lex Talionis
Law of Retaliation, “Eye for an Eye”
