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LECTURE: Physiology > Chapter 1: CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

Chapter 1: CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

Organization, structure and function of the cell Cell reproduction Cell transport

1
Q

About 60% of the body consists of?

A

fluid

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2
Q

Most fluid is inside the cells

known as milleu interior)

A

internal environment

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3
Q

1/3 found in spaces outside the cells

A

extracellular fluid

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4
Q

Where ions and nutrients needed are found

A

extracellular fluid

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5
Q

Extracellular fluid are compose of

A

sodium
chloride
bicarbonated ions
calcium

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6
Q

Intracellular fluid are compose of

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate ions
Sulfate
Organic ions

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7
Q

Cell has two major parts

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Collective term for the substances that make up the cell

A

Protoplasm

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9
Q

Principal fluid medium of the cell. Found in most cells and is about 70- 85% concentration.

Most abundant

A

Water

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10
Q

Provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reaction.

A

Ions

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11
Q

Has two (2) types: structural (fibrillar) and functional (cell enzyme). It makes up 10-20% of cellular mass

2nd most abundant

A

Protiens

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12
Q

cytoskeleton of cellular components

A

Structural protiens

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13
Q

to form microtubules that provide “cytoskeleton” of such cellular organelles

A

Intracellular filaments

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14
Q

found in collagen and elastin fiber, blood vessels walls, tendons, ligaments, and etc.

A

Extracellular filaments

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15
Q

Carry substances inside the cell

Mainly the enzymes of the cell, often mobilein the cell fluid

A

Funciotnal Proteins

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16
Q

Fat soluble. It is used as barrier for membranes and for energy

A

Lipids

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17
Q

Used for cell nutrition and energy.

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

Envelops the cell and is a thin, pliable, elastic structure, composed almost entirely of proteins and lipids

A

Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane

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19
Q

provides as barrier for movement of water and water- soluble substances

A

Lipid Bilayer/ Lipid Layer

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20
Q

provide specialized pathways or serve as enzyme that catalyze chemical reaction

A

Protein molecules

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21
Q

three (3) main types of lipids

A

Phospholipids → most abundant
Sphingolipids → functions for protection, signal transmission and as adhesion sites
Cholesterol → controls much of the
fluidity of the membrane

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22
Q

It has a hydrophilic head (phosphate end) and hydrophobic tail (fatty portion).

A

Lipid Bilayer

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23
Q

Provides a channel (pores) for water molecules and water soluble molecules

A

Integral Proteins

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24
Q

transport substances that can not penetrate the lipid bilayer

A

Carrier proteins

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25
Q

Receptors for water-soluble that can not easily penetrate the membrane.

Interaction with ligands activate either the intracellular component or proteins in the cytoplasm (second messengers).

A

Integral Protiens

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26
Q

Often attached to the integral proteins

A

Peripheral Proteins

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27
Q

Controls transport of substances

A

Peripheral Proteins

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28
Q

Loose carbohydrate coat

A

Cell Glycocalyx or Membrane Carbohydrates

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29
Q

Carbohydrate substances bound to small protein cores (proteoglycans) are loosely attached to the outer portions of the cell.

A

Cell Glycocalyx or Membrane Carbohydrates

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30
Q

Provides negative electrical charge

Allows attachment to other cells

Acts as receptor substances for binding hormones

Takes part in immune reaction

A

Cell Glycocalyx or Membrane Carbohydrates

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31
Q

It contains both minute and large-dispersed particles and organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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32
Q

the jelly-like fluid portion of the cytoplasm, contains mainly dissolved proteins, electrolytes and glucose.

A

Cytosol

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33
Q

It helps process molecules made by the cell and transports them into their specific destinations inside or outside the cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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34
Q

Watery medium inside the tubules and vesicles

A

Endoplasmic Matrix

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35
Q

It is also called as rough endoplasmic reticulum which contains ribosomes. It synthesizes protiens

A

Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum

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36
Q

Minute particle that are composed of a
combination of RNA and proteins

A

ribosomes

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37
Q

It is also called as smooth endoplasmic reticulum that does not contain ribosomes

It synthesize lipids and other processes of the cell promoted by intra-reticular enzyme.

A

Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum

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38
Q

Composed of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus.

A

Glogi Appratus

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39
Q

Synthesizes certain carbohydrates that can not be formed in the ER such as hyalunoric acid and chondroitin sulfate.

A

Glogi Appratus

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40
Q

Formed by breaking off from the golgi apparatus.

Contains hydrolases that is used to split organic compounds

A

Lysosomes

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41
Q

Digest damaged cellular structures, food particles that are ingested by the cell and unwanted matter.

A

Lysosomes

42
Q

Formed by self-replication. It catabolize long chain fatty acids

A

Peroxisomes

43
Q

Storage vesicle for secretion of special chemical substances. It catabolozes long chain fatty acids

A

Secretory Vesicles

44
Q

It is knows as the “powerhouse” of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

45
Q

It is present in all areas of each cell’s cytoplasm, but its number varies in each cell.

A

Mitochondria

46
Q

A network of fibrillary proteins organized into filaments or tubules.

A

CYTOSKELETON

47
Q

Large number of actin filaments occur in the ectoplasm to form an elastic support

A

CYTOSKELETON

48
Q

strong tubular structure that provides a rigid structure for certain cell parts

A

MICROTUBULES

49
Q

Determines cell shape
Participate in cell division
Allows cell movement
Directs movement of organelles within the cell
Powerhouse of the cell

Which is NOT true about microtubules?

A

Powerhouse of the cell

50
Q

Control center of the cell that contains the DNA which contains the genes.

A

NUCLEUS

51
Q

determine the characteristics of the cell’s proteins and controls cell reproduction

A

GENES

52
Q

Nuclear envelope. It contains two separate bilayer membranes, one inside the other. Penetrated by thousands of nuclear pores

A

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

53
Q

continuous with the ER

A

OUTER MEMBRANE

54
Q

Does not have a limiting membrane and is a Highly straining structure. An accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins.

A

NUCLEOLI

55
Q

Process of cell ingestion

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

56
Q

Ingestion of small particles in the ECF and cytoplasm

A

PINOCYTOSIS

57
Q

cell drinking

A

PINOCYTOSIS

58
Q

small pits outside the cell membrane

A

COATED PITS

59
Q

Ingestion of large particles rather than molecules. Restricted to certain cells such as macrophages and some WBC

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

60
Q

cell eating

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

61
Q

Process of excreting of non-digestible substances

A

EXOCYTOSIS

62
Q

Self-digestion due to severe cell damage

A

AUTOLYSIS

63
Q

Self-eating

A

AUTOPHAGY

64
Q

organelle degredation and recycling

A

AUTOPHAGY

65
Q

Energy currency of the cell

When ATP releases energy, a phosphoric acid radical split away and becomes ADP

A

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

66
Q

Human cell contains 1.__ chromosomes arranged in 2.__ pairs. What is it called? 3.__

A
  1. 46
  2. 23 pairs
  3. CHROMOSOME REPLICATION
67
Q

duplicated but still attached chromosome

A

CHROMATIDS

68
Q

Chromatds remain attached until mitosis at a point called ___?

A

CENTROMERE

69
Q

small cylindrical body with tubular structures arranged in a cylinder that are replicated during interphase

A

CENTRIOLES

70
Q

complex of microtubules extending between the two new centriole

A

Spindle

71
Q

Centrioles → small cylindrical body with tubular structures arranged in a cylinder that are replicated during interphase
*
Shortly before mitosis is to take place, the two pairs of centrioles begin to move apart from each other
*
Other microtubules also grow away from each of the centriole pairs, forming a spiny star (aster) in each cell end
*
Spindle → complex of microtubules extending between the two new centriole

A

MITOTIC APPARATUS

72
Q

Centrioles move towards the opposite poles & chromosomes are paired

While the spindle is forming the chromosomes of the nucleus become condensed and become visible

A

PROPHASE

73
Q

Microtubules attach to chromosomes to chromosomes

Multiple microtubules attach to the chromatids then pull one of each pair toward one pole and its partner toward the opposite.

A

PROMETAPHASE

74
Q

chromosomes are aligned at the middle

The chromatids are pulled to the center lining up to form the equatorial plate

A

METAPHASE

75
Q

chromosomes move away from each other.

Two chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart at the centromere forming tow separate sets of 46 daughter chromosomes

A

ANAPHASE

76
Q

Where cleavage furrow appears (reapperance of nuclear envelope)

Two sets of daughter chromosomes are pushed completely apart. The mitotic apparatus dissolute and a new nuclear membrane develops around each set of chromosomes. The cell pinches in two, midway between the two nuclei

A

TELOPHASE

77
Q

2 daugher cell appear

A

CYTOKINESIS

78
Q

Some cells grow and reproduce all the time, others may not reproduce for years and some do not reproduce at all.

TRUE or FALSE?

A

True

79
Q

Regulation of cell size

A

Determined almost entirely by the amount of functioning DNA in the nucleus

80
Q

Changes in physical and functional properties of cells as they proliferate to form the different bodily structures and organs

A

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

81
Q

Protective caps that prevent deterioration of chromosomes during cell division

A

TELOMERES

82
Q

adds bases to the ends of the telomeres

A

TELOMARES

83
Q

programmed cell death, wherein the cell shrinks, condenses, disassembles and is digested by a phagocytic cell

A

APOPTOSIS

84
Q

cell death through swelling and bursting caused by an acute injury

A

NECROSIS

85
Q

Have watery spaces all the way through to allow free movement of water, as well as selected ions or molecules

A

CHANNEL PROTIENS

86
Q

Binds with molecules or ions causing changes in the protein which move the substances through its interstices

A

CARRIER PROTEINS

87
Q

Molecular movement of substances either through spaces in the membrane with a carrier protein or none.

A

DIFFUSION

88
Q

Movement of molecules through spaces in the lipid bilayer or watery channels (aquaporins)

Does not use energy (ATP)

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

89
Q

Makes use of carrier protein
Does not make use of energy (ATP)

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

90
Q

Highly selective for transport of one or more specific ions or molecules

A

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

91
Q

the gate or its chemical bonds responds to the electrical potential across the cell

A

VOLTAGE (ELECTRICAL) GATING

92
Q

opened by the binding of a chemical substance with the protein

A

LIGAND (CHEMICAL) GATING

93
Q

Results from the characteristics of the channel, such as its diameter, shape, the nature of the electrical charges and chemical bonds

A

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

94
Q

Movement of molecules against its concentration gradient

It uses energy (ATP)

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

95
Q

**Movement of water ** caused by a concentration difference of water through a semi-permeable membrane

A

OSMOSIS

96
Q

High concentration of solutes at ECF

Cell shrinks

A

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

97
Q

High concentration of solutes at ICF

Cell swells

A

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

98
Q

derived from energy stored between 2 side of cell membrane

A

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

99
Q

energy derived from breakdown of ATP

A

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

100
Q

Simple pirt; Same Direction

A

Co-Transport

101
Q

Anti-Port; Opposite Direction

A

Counter Transport

LECTURE: Physiology (4 decks)

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