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Chapter 1- Cellular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four requirements of disease?

A
  1. Etiology
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Morphology
  4. Clinical expression
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2
Q

What does gross pathology represent?

A

What’s occurring at the cellular level

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3
Q

What is the function of the majority of the human genome?

A

Gene regulation/dictation of the expression

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4
Q

What two forms make up the nuclear genetic material?

A
  1. Euchromatin

2. Heterochromatin

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5
Q

What are the differences between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin- active and dispersed

Heterochromatin- inactive and dense

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6
Q

What is the function of the kinetochore protein complex?

A

Regulation of segregation

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7
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Repetitive sequences of DNA on the ends of chromosomes, allow replication without DNA loss

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8
Q

What makes up chromatin fibres?

A

String of nucleosomes (DNA with 8 histones)

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9
Q

What are three kinds of non-protein coding sequences and what are their functions?

A
  1. Promoters- upstream of gene, initiate transcription
  2. Enhancers- modulate/regulate gene
  3. Mobile genetic elements- moveable segments that regulate expression
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10
Q

What binds to non-protein coding sequences?

A

Transcription factors

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11
Q

What are the two forms of non-coding regulatory RNAs?

A
  1. miRNA

2. Long non-coding RNA

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12
Q

What is the function of miRNA?

A

Controls expression at the translational level

Binds mRNA via RISC complex to prevent translation

Gene silencing

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13
Q

What is the function of long non-coding RNA?

A

Modulates gene expression

Activation- helps transcription complex bind

Suppression- occupies transcription complex

Promotes chromatin modification (methylation/acetylation)

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14
Q

What are the functions of chromatin methylation and acetylation?

A

Methylation- inactivated

Acetylation- activates

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15
Q

What is the function of chromatin organizing factors?

A

Controls long range DNA looping

Bridges/distances gene enhancers and promoters

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16
Q

What are two sources of genetic variation in DNA?

A
  1. Single nucleotide polymorphisms

2. Copy number variants

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17
Q

What are SNPs?

A

Variations at a single nucleotide position

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18
Q

What are CNVs?

A

Large continuous DNA stretches containing repeated sequences

19
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Factors outside the genome that affect genetics

20
Q

What is the function of compartmentalizing intracellular organelles?

A

Enzymes/metabolites can be concentrated

Creation of unique intracellular environments can allow for selective regulation

21
Q

What are pathological markers of cells that are observed microscopically?

A

Chromatin clumping

N:C ratio

Nucleolus

22
Q

In what ways can the mitochondria contribute to cell survival and death?

A
  1. Apoptosis (programmed)

2. Necrosis (Na/K pump compromised, cell swells and bursts)

23
Q

What elements make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

24
Q

What can be used to ID the origin of poorly differentiated cells?

A

Intermediate filaments

25
What are the molecular motor proteins and what directions do they move?
Kinesins- positive Dyneins- negative
26
What are the types of cell-cell interactions and their functions?
Tight/occluding junctions- continuous barrier Desmosomes/anchoring junctions- cytoskeletal attachment to other cells/ECM Communicating/gap junctions- communication/APs Hemidesmosomes- cell to BM
27
What signals do healthy cells respond to?
Damage to neighbouring cells and pathogens Contact with neighbouring cells Contact with ECM Secreted molecules
28
What types of extracellular signalling are there?
Paracrine Autocrine Synaptic Endocrine
29
What are the three forms of cellular receptors?
1. Associated with kinase activity 2. G protein coupled 3. Nuclear
30
What occurs with GPCR activation?
Calcium release from ER
31
How do nuclear receptors exert their effects?
Activate/repress transcription
32
How do receptors associated with kinase activity exert their effects?
Addition of a phosphate group to their target
33
What are the functions of the ECM?
Mechanical support Reservoir for latent GFs Scaffolding for tissue renewal Tissue microenvironment establishment
34
What are the two forms of ECM and their major components?
BM- type IV collagen, laminin, proteoglycan Interstitial matrix- fibrillar collagens, elastins, hyaluronan, proteoglycan
35
What is the function of integrins?
Transmission of cellular tension through the ECM
36
What is the cell cycle regulated by?
Cyclins- activators Cyclin dependent kinases- inhibitors
37
What are the functions of cell cycle checkpoints?
Ensure genetically imperfect cells aren’t replicated Trigger delay and activate DNA repair mechanisms Activation of apoptosis is necessary
38
How are cell cycle checkpoints regulated?
CDK inhibitors enforce them by modulating CDK-cyclin complex activity
39
What are two major cell cycle checkpoints and their functions?
G1-S- monitors DNA integrity G2-M- ensures genetic replication is accurate
40
What is senescence?
Non-replicative cell state
41
What is a restriction point?
Point at which the cell is committed to the cycle
42
What are the three types of cells in regards to proliferation and what are their characteristics?
Labile tissues- cells cycle continuously Stable cells- quiescent but can enter the cell cycle Permanent cells- lose their proliferative capacity
43
What are the characteristics of stem cells?
Self renew and give rise to various differentiated tissues via asymmetric division
44
What are two types of stem cells and their characteristics?
1. Embryonic- totipotent | 2. Tissue- in SC niches with differentiated cells of a given tissue

Pathology (25 decks)

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