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Pathology > Chapter 1- Cellular Pathology > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Cellular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four requirements of disease?

A
  1. Etiology
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Morphology
  4. Clinical expression
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2
Q

What does gross pathology represent?

A

What’s occurring at the cellular level

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3
Q

What is the function of the majority of the human genome?

A

Gene regulation/dictation of the expression

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4
Q

What two forms make up the nuclear genetic material?

A
  1. Euchromatin

2. Heterochromatin

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5
Q

What are the differences between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin- active and dispersed

Heterochromatin- inactive and dense

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6
Q

What is the function of the kinetochore protein complex?

A

Regulation of segregation

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7
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Repetitive sequences of DNA on the ends of chromosomes, allow replication without DNA loss

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8
Q

What makes up chromatin fibres?

A

String of nucleosomes (DNA with 8 histones)

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9
Q

What are three kinds of non-protein coding sequences and what are their functions?

A
  1. Promoters- upstream of gene, initiate transcription
  2. Enhancers- modulate/regulate gene
  3. Mobile genetic elements- moveable segments that regulate expression
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10
Q

What binds to non-protein coding sequences?

A

Transcription factors

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11
Q

What are the two forms of non-coding regulatory RNAs?

A
  1. miRNA

2. Long non-coding RNA

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12
Q

What is the function of miRNA?

A

Controls expression at the translational level

Binds mRNA via RISC complex to prevent translation

Gene silencing

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13
Q

What is the function of long non-coding RNA?

A

Modulates gene expression

Activation- helps transcription complex bind

Suppression- occupies transcription complex

Promotes chromatin modification (methylation/acetylation)

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14
Q

What are the functions of chromatin methylation and acetylation?

A

Methylation- inactivated

Acetylation- activates

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15
Q

What is the function of chromatin organizing factors?

A

Controls long range DNA looping

Bridges/distances gene enhancers and promoters

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16
Q

What are two sources of genetic variation in DNA?

A
  1. Single nucleotide polymorphisms

2. Copy number variants

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17
Q

What are SNPs?

A

Variations at a single nucleotide position

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18
Q

What are CNVs?

A

Large continuous DNA stretches containing repeated sequences

19
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Factors outside the genome that affect genetics

20
Q

What is the function of compartmentalizing intracellular organelles?

A

Enzymes/metabolites can be concentrated

Creation of unique intracellular environments can allow for selective regulation

21
Q

What are pathological markers of cells that are observed microscopically?

A

Chromatin clumping

N:C ratio

Nucleolus

22
Q

In what ways can the mitochondria contribute to cell survival and death?

A
  1. Apoptosis (programmed)

2. Necrosis (Na/K pump compromised, cell swells and bursts)

23
Q

What elements make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

24
Q

What can be used to ID the origin of poorly differentiated cells?

A

Intermediate filaments

25
Q

What are the molecular motor proteins and what directions do they move?

A

Kinesins- positive

Dyneins- negative

26
Q

What are the types of cell-cell interactions and their functions?

A

Tight/occluding junctions- continuous barrier

Desmosomes/anchoring junctions- cytoskeletal attachment to other cells/ECM

Communicating/gap junctions- communication/APs

Hemidesmosomes- cell to BM

27
Q

What signals do healthy cells respond to?

A

Damage to neighbouring cells and pathogens

Contact with neighbouring cells

Contact with ECM

Secreted molecules

28
Q

What types of extracellular signalling are there?

A

Paracrine
Autocrine
Synaptic
Endocrine

29
Q

What are the three forms of cellular receptors?

A
  1. Associated with kinase activity
  2. G protein coupled
  3. Nuclear
30
Q

What occurs with GPCR activation?

A

Calcium release from ER

31
Q

How do nuclear receptors exert their effects?

A

Activate/repress transcription

32
Q

How do receptors associated with kinase activity exert their effects?

A

Addition of a phosphate group to their target

33
Q

What are the functions of the ECM?

A

Mechanical support

Reservoir for latent GFs

Scaffolding for tissue renewal

Tissue microenvironment establishment

34
Q

What are the two forms of ECM and their major components?

A

BM- type IV collagen, laminin, proteoglycan

Interstitial matrix- fibrillar collagens, elastins, hyaluronan, proteoglycan

35
Q

What is the function of integrins?

A

Transmission of cellular tension through the ECM

36
Q

What is the cell cycle regulated by?

A

Cyclins- activators

Cyclin dependent kinases- inhibitors

37
Q

What are the functions of cell cycle checkpoints?

A

Ensure genetically imperfect cells aren’t replicated

Trigger delay and activate DNA repair mechanisms

Activation of apoptosis is necessary

38
Q

How are cell cycle checkpoints regulated?

A

CDK inhibitors enforce them by modulating CDK-cyclin complex activity

39
Q

What are two major cell cycle checkpoints and their functions?

A

G1-S- monitors DNA integrity

G2-M- ensures genetic replication is accurate

40
Q

What is senescence?

A

Non-replicative cell state

41
Q

What is a restriction point?

A

Point at which the cell is committed to the cycle

42
Q

What are the three types of cells in regards to proliferation and what are their characteristics?

A

Labile tissues- cells cycle continuously

Stable cells- quiescent but can enter the cell cycle

Permanent cells- lose their proliferative capacity

43
Q

What are the characteristics of stem cells?

A

Self renew and give rise to various differentiated tissues via asymmetric division

44
Q

What are two types of stem cells and their characteristics?

A
  1. Embryonic- totipotent

2. Tissue- in SC niches with differentiated cells of a given tissue

Pathology (25 decks)

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