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SMIT Pathology > Chapter 1: Cellular Function > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Pathophysiology

A

Pathophysiology is the study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function

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2
Q

Primary prevention

A

Do not have the disease and you are trying to prevent it (disease prevention). Ex: vaccines

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3
Q

Secondary prevention

A

disease detection. Ex: pap smears, yearly physical examinations

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4
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Trying to prevent problems from the disease (disease management). Ex: rehabilitation

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic information necessary for the control of cell structure and function.

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Place for cell work

Contains water, electrolytes, suspended protein, neutral fats and glycogen

Contains the organelles

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites for protein synthesis

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8
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Matrix of paired membranes and vesicles
Tubular communication system
Place where metabolic activity occurs

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9
Q

2 forms of ER

A

Rough ER - produces proteins for membranes and lysosomal enzymes

Smooth ER - lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid synthesis, regulation of intracellular calcium metabolism, and detoxification of hormones and drugs

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10
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination.

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breakdown cell products and foreign bodies to be used again

Requires acidic environment

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power plants
make ATP
Contains own DNA and ribosomes

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13
Q

Microtubules

A

Cilia and Flagella
- Hair-like processes
- Aid in movement

Centrioles
- Barrel-shaped bodies
- Help organize spindle apparatus necessary for cell division

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14
Q

Microfilament

A
  • Threadlike structure
  • Functions: cytokinesis, amoeboid movement and cell motility in general, changes in cell shape, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell contractility, and mechanical stability
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15
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Semi-permeable – regulates transport
  • Provides a protective barrier
  • Contains membrane receptors
  • Involved in electrical conduction
  • Regulates cell growth and proliferation
  • Made up of lipid bilayer
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16
Q

Membrane receptors

A

Open and close ion channels

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17
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Passive transport
  • movement from an area of high concentration to lower concentration.
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18
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Passive transport
  • movement across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
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19
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins within the cellular membrane.

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20
Q

Active transport

A
  • movement from lower concentration to higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.
  • Requires a carrier molecule and energy. i.e: Na-K+-ATP pump
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21
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • the process of bringing a substance into the cell
  • Pinocytosisor cell drinking: engulfing liquid
  • Phagocytosis or cell eating: engulfing solid particles eg., bacteria
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22
Q

Exocytosis

A

Release of materials from the cell inside to the outside

23
Q

Mitosis

A
  • division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells.

Four steps:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase

24
Q

Meiosis

A

specialized form of cell division that produces reproductive cells – sperm and egg cells.

25
Q

Atrophy

A

reduction of cells size and number due to a reduction in work demand. eg., in paralysis

26
Q

Hypertrophy

A

cells increase in size to meet increased work demand. eg., biceps muscle after exercise

27
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. eg., liver regeneration

28
Q

Metaplasia

A

one cell type is replaced by another cell type. eg., change in respiratory tract due to smoking

29
Q

Dysplasia

A

cells change (mute) into cells of different size, shape and appearance eg., cervical dysplasia

30
Q

Apoptosis

A

Process of eliminating unwanted cells

Programmed cell death

31
Q

Necrosis

A

passive, accidental cell death resulting from ischemia due to cell injury

32
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

caused by ischemia/infarction (except in brain)

33
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

bacteria/fungus infection and ischemic injury in the brain

34
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

TB infection

35
Q

Fatty necrosis

A

acute inflammation in tissues with adipocytes such as pancreas and breast tissue

36
Q

Benign tumor

A
  • Slow, progressive
  • localized
  • well-defined
  • resembles host (more differentiated)
  • grow by expansion
  • do not usually cause death
37
Q

Malignant tumor (cancer)

A
  • Rapid growing
  • Spreads (metastasis) quickly
  • Fatal
  • Highly undifferentiated
38
Q

Describe Autosomal Dominant Disorders

A
  • Transmitted from an affected parent to offspring regardless of gender
  • 50% chance of transmission
  • Unaffected do not pass on the disorder
  • Delayed onset

Examples: Marfan syndrome and neurofibromatosis

39
Q

Describe Autosomal Recessive Disorders

A
  • Rare
  • Occurs only both members of the gene pair are affected (homozygous)
  • Affects both genders
  • 25% chances for the offsprings to be affected
  • 50% chances for the offsprings to be the carriers
  • Onset early

Examples:
PKU and Tay-Sachs

40
Q

Describe X-linked Recessive Disorders

A
  • Male affected
  • All daughters of an affected male are carriers of the abnormal gene.
  • An affected male does not transmit the disorder to his sons.
  • Females who are carriers, transmit the gene to half their sons, who usually have the disorder.
  • Their daughters, like their mothers, usually do not have the disorder, but half are carriers.

Example: red-green color blindness

41
Q

Etiology of Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A
  • Caused from nondisjunction during meiosis
42
Q

Clinical manifestations of Down syndrome

A
  • small square head, upward slant of the eyes, small low set ears, fat pad on the back of the neck, open mouth with protruding tongue, Simian crease, and varying degrees of mental retardation
43
Q

Complications associated with Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A

congenital heart defects, ocular issues, leukemia, respiratory complications

44
Q

Diagnosis of Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A
  • Risk increases with maternal age
  • parental screening including amniocentesis, hormone levels, four-dimensional ultrasound
45
Q

Treatment of Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A

Supportive and symptomatic

46
Q

Etiology of Monosomy X (Turner syndrome)

A

Deletion of all or part of an X
- No Y chromosome
- Female affected only

47
Q

Clinical manifestations of Monosomy X (Turner syndrome)

A

gonadal streaks instead of ovaries, short stature, increased weight, webbing of the neck, small lower jaw, drooping eyelids, small fingernails, and widely spaced nipples

No mental retardation present

48
Q

Complications associated with Monosomy X (Turner syndrome)

A

coarctation of the aorta, vision issues, hearing loss, renal abnormalities, infertility, and increased risk for infections

49
Q

Diagnosis of Monosomy X (Turner syndrome)

A

History, physical examination, and chromosomal testing

50
Q

Treatment of Monosomy X (Turner syndrome)

A

estrogen and growth hormones

51
Q

Etiology of Trisomy (Klinefelter syndrome)

A

One or more extra X chromosomes with the presence of the Y

52
Q

Clinical manifestations of Trisomy (Klinefelter syndrome)

A

gynecomastia, small testes and penis, tall stature, increased weight, and sparse body hair

Male appearance

Often undetected

53
Q

Complications associated with Trisomy (Klinefelter syndrome)

A

learning disabilities, behavioral problems, sexual dysfunction, pulmonary disease, varicose veins, osteoporosis, and breast cancer

54
Q

Treatment of Trisomy (Klinefelter syndrome)

A

Testosterone

SMIT Pathology (4 decks)

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