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GCSE AQA Biology > Chapter 1- Cells And Movement Of Substances > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Cells And Movement Of Substances Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you calculate total magnification

A

Eyepiece lens x objective lens

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2
Q

Define the term resolution

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two separate points in an image

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3
Q

What is the role of the nucleus

A

Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes. Contains the genetic code.

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4
Q

What is the role cytoplasm in a cell

A

This is where chemcial reactions take place

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cells.

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6
Q

What is function of the mitochondria is cells

A

This is the site of respiration.

Glucose + Oxyen –> Carbon dioxide + water vapour + ATP energy

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7
Q

Define the word ‘magnification’

A

Magnification is how much bigger an image is compared to it’s actual size.
Can be calculated by using the IAM triange.

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8
Q

Why are ribosomes needed in a cell?

A

Ribosomes are the site (location) where proteins are made.

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9
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts contain a green chemcial called chlorophyll. It traps sunlight energy which is needed for photosynthesis.

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10
Q

How do you calculate the magnification of an image?

A

To figure the total magnification of an image that you are viewing through the microscope is really quite simple. To get the total magnification take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X.

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11
Q

Resolution

A

Resolution is the amount of information that can be seen in the image - defined as the smallest distance below which two discrete objects will be seen as one.

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12
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

prokaryotic cells are those that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus.

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13
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A eukaryote is any organism whose cells have a cell nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes.

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.

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15
Q

Cell membrane

A

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

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16
Q

Cell wall

A

A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, situated outside the cell membrane

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17
Q

Vacuole

A

a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

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18
Q

Mitochondria

A

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell

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19
Q

Chloroplast

A

Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells.

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20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

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21
Q

Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells.

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells.

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23
Q

What is the I AM triangle?

A

The I AM triangle stands for (IMAGE, MAGNIFICATION and ACTUAL SIZE)

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24
Q

Plasmid

A

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium.

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25
Q

Order of magnitude

A

Used to make approximate comparisons between numbers or objects

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26
Q

Muscle cell adaption

A

muscle cells bring parts of the body closer together. They contain protein fibres that can contract when energy is available, making the cells shorter.

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27
Q

Sperm cell adaptations

A

outer cell membrane Egg cell – for sexual reproduction

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28
Q

Root hair cell adaptations

A

Root hair cells are adapted for this by having a large surface area to speed up osmosis.

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29
Q

Xylem cells

A

The basic function of xylem is to transport water from roots to shoots and leaves, but it also transports some nutrients.

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30
Q

Phloem cells

A

the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap. The sap is a water-based solution, but rich in sugars made by photosynthesis.

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31
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration as a result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.

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32
Q

Rate of diffusion

A

The rate of diffusion, is the change in the number of diffusing molecules inside the cell over time

33
Q

Dilute

A

make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it.

34
Q

Concentrated

A

(of a substance or solution) present in a high proportion relative to other substances; having had water or other diluting agent removed or reduced.

35
Q

Osmosis

A

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

36
Q

Crenated

A

A rounded projection, as on the margin of a shell. The condition or state of being crenate. A process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire a notched or scalloped surface.

37
Q

Lysis

A

the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.

38
Q

Plasmolysis

A

contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell.

39
Q

Turgid

A

plant cell fully inflated with water.

40
Q

Tugor pressure

A

Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

41
Q

Active transport

A

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

42
Q

Interphase

A

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.

43
Q

Mitosis

A

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

44
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.

45
Q

Gene

A

A gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA which codes for a molecule that has a function. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA.

46
Q

Differentiated cell

A

Cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.

47
Q

Undifferentiated cells

A

Undifferentiated cells refers to a cell that has yet to develop into a particular cell variant. Undifferentiated stem cells are the very basic cells in biology that all other cells derive from.

48
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo.

49
Q

Adult stem cell

A

Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.

50
Q

Zygote

A

A zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.

51
Q

Cloning

A

propagate (an organism or cell) as a clone.

52
Q

Tissue

A

any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.

53
Q

Organ

A

Organs are collections of tissues with a similar function.

54
Q

Small intestine

A

The small intestine (small bowel) is about 20 feet long and about an inch in diameter. Its job is to absorb most of the nutrients from what we eat and drink.

55
Q

Liver

A

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.

56
Q

Gall bladder

A

Your gallbladder is a four-inch, pear-shaped organ. It’s positioned under your liver in the upper-right section of your abdomen. The gallbladder stores bile, a combination of fluids, fat, and cholesterol.

57
Q

Bile

A

Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine

58
Q

Protein

A

Protein is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance.

59
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms,

60
Q

Lipids

A

In biology, a lipid is a substance of biological origin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents. It comprises a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins

61
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions.

62
Q

Active site

A

In biology, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

63
Q

Substrate molecule

A

In biochemistry, the substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. E

64
Q

Protease

A

an enzyme which breaks down proteins and peptides.

65
Q

Lipase

A

A lipase is any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats.

66
Q

Blood plasma

A

Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension;

67
Q

Red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen.

68
Q

White blood cells

A

White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

69
Q

Platelets

A

small colourless disc-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting.

70
Q

Arteries

A

any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body

71
Q

Veins

A

any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying mainly oxygen-depleted blood towards the heart.
2.

72
Q

Capillary

A

any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.

73
Q

Haemoglobin

A

a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a haem group.

74
Q

Stent

A

In medicine, a stent is a metal or plastic tube inserted into the lumen of an anatomic vessel or duct to keep the passageway open, and stenting is the placement of a stent

75
Q

Pacemaker

A

a device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions.

76
Q

Statins

A

Statins are a group of medicines that can help lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood.

77
Q

Inhalation

A

the action of inhaling or breathing i

78
Q

Exhalation

A

The action of breathing out

GCSE AQA Biology (3 decks)

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