Chapter 1- Cells And Movement Of Substances Flashcards
How do you calculate total magnification
Eyepiece lens x objective lens
Define the term resolution
Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two separate points in an image
What is the role of the nucleus
Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes. Contains the genetic code.
What is the role cytoplasm in a cell
This is where chemcial reactions take place
What is the function of the cell membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cells.
What is function of the mitochondria is cells
This is the site of respiration.
Glucose + Oxyen –> Carbon dioxide + water vapour + ATP energy
Define the word ‘magnification’
Magnification is how much bigger an image is compared to it’s actual size.
Can be calculated by using the IAM triange.
Why are ribosomes needed in a cell?
Ribosomes are the site (location) where proteins are made.
What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Chloroplasts contain a green chemcial called chlorophyll. It traps sunlight energy which is needed for photosynthesis.
How do you calculate the magnification of an image?
To figure the total magnification of an image that you are viewing through the microscope is really quite simple. To get the total magnification take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X.
Resolution
Resolution is the amount of information that can be seen in the image - defined as the smallest distance below which two discrete objects will be seen as one.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
prokaryotic cells are those that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A eukaryote is any organism whose cells have a cell nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes.
Nucleus
a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.
Cell membrane
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, situated outside the cell membrane
Vacuole
a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells.
Cytoplasm
the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells.
Ribosomes
The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells.
What is the I AM triangle?
The I AM triangle stands for (IMAGE, MAGNIFICATION and ACTUAL SIZE)
Plasmid
a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium.
Order of magnitude
Used to make approximate comparisons between numbers or objects
Muscle cell adaption
muscle cells bring parts of the body closer together. They contain protein fibres that can contract when energy is available, making the cells shorter.
Sperm cell adaptations
outer cell membrane Egg cell – for sexual reproduction
Root hair cell adaptations
Root hair cells are adapted for this by having a large surface area to speed up osmosis.
Xylem cells
The basic function of xylem is to transport water from roots to shoots and leaves, but it also transports some nutrients.
Phloem cells
the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap. The sap is a water-based solution, but rich in sugars made by photosynthesis.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration as a result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.
Rate of diffusion
The rate of diffusion, is the change in the number of diffusing molecules inside the cell over time
Dilute
make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it.
Concentrated
(of a substance or solution) present in a high proportion relative to other substances; having had water or other diluting agent removed or reduced.
Osmosis
a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
Crenated
A rounded projection, as on the margin of a shell. The condition or state of being crenate. A process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire a notched or scalloped surface.
Lysis
the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.
Plasmolysis
contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell.
Turgid
plant cell fully inflated with water.
Tugor pressure
Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
Active transport
the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
Interphase
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.
Mitosis
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
Gene
A gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA which codes for a molecule that has a function. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA.
Differentiated cell
Cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
Undifferentiated cells
Undifferentiated cells refers to a cell that has yet to develop into a particular cell variant. Undifferentiated stem cells are the very basic cells in biology that all other cells derive from.
Embryonic stem cell
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo.
Adult stem cell
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.
Zygote
A zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.
Cloning
propagate (an organism or cell) as a clone.
Tissue
any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.
Organ
Organs are collections of tissues with a similar function.
Small intestine
The small intestine (small bowel) is about 20 feet long and about an inch in diameter. Its job is to absorb most of the nutrients from what we eat and drink.
Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
Gall bladder
Your gallbladder is a four-inch, pear-shaped organ. It’s positioned under your liver in the upper-right section of your abdomen. The gallbladder stores bile, a combination of fluids, fat, and cholesterol.
Bile
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine
Protein
Protein is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance.
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms,
Lipids
In biology, a lipid is a substance of biological origin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents. It comprises a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins
Enzymes
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions.
Active site
In biology, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
Substrate molecule
In biochemistry, the substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. E
Protease
an enzyme which breaks down proteins and peptides.
Lipase
A lipase is any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats.
Blood plasma
Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension;
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen.
White blood cells
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
Platelets
small colourless disc-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting.
Arteries
any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body
Veins
any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying mainly oxygen-depleted blood towards the heart.
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Capillary
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
Haemoglobin
a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a haem group.
Stent
In medicine, a stent is a metal or plastic tube inserted into the lumen of an anatomic vessel or duct to keep the passageway open, and stenting is the placement of a stent
Pacemaker
a device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions.
Statins
Statins are a group of medicines that can help lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood.
Inhalation
the action of inhaling or breathing i
Exhalation
The action of breathing out
