Chapter 1: Cells Flashcards
Organism
What is it?
Is a definably self-contained living system.
Basic roles of Cells
Hint: There are two basic roles of Cells
- To get nutrients from the food that we eat, and
- To use these nutrients for the raw materials and fuel to keep us alive.
These are the two basic roles of ________.
Muscular system.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This system moves us. This system includes your skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles.
Reproductive system.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This system controls reproduction as well as sexual development. It includes your sex organs and glands.
Respiratory system.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This system brings in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide. It includes your nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and other airways and gas exchange organs.
Integumentary System.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This system protects the body from external damage. It includes your skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and other external structures.
Digestive system.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This system breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food and drink. It includes your oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and other organs associated with digestion including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and bile duck.
Endocrine system.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This is your cellular communication system. It includes your hormonal organs and glands, including the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, and more.
Urinary system.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This system produces, stores, and eliminates urine. It includes your kidneys your ureters, bladder, urethra, and related organs and glands.
Immune system.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This system protects against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders. It includes your thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs.
Enzyme
What is it?
Substance that helps catalyze chemical reactions.
Circulatory system (What does it do? And, what does it include?)
This system transports hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the body. It includes your heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Skeletal System.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This system gives the body a rigid structure so that you can move and hold itself up. It includes your bones, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.
Nervous system.
What does it do? And, what does it include?
This system sends electrochemical signals that triggers thoughts, emotions, and movement as well as involuntary activity. It includes your brain as well as a vast network of nerves and supporting structures.
Ecosystem
What is it?
Dynamic, interactive, interconnected networks of living things.
Homeostasis
What is it?
The body’s ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition.
Cellular tasks.
Hint: 6 tasks
- Grow, Mature, and Die.
- exchange gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide (I.e., respiration).
- absorb and digest nutrients.
- circulate blood and other fluids.
- get ride of waist; and
- reproduce.
Metabolism
What is it?
Sum of reactions that take place to build up and breakdown the body.
Organ Systems
What are they made up of?
Are made up of individual organs. Complex organisms are made up of these systems.
Tissues
What do they make up?
Collectively they make up our organs.
Types of tissues.
Hint: there are four types
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
All these are types of ____________.
Epithelial Tissue (What does it do? What does it make up?)
This tissue forms protective barriers against outside invaders. Also, it makes up our skin
Connective tissue.
What does it do? What does it make up?
This tissue holds us together. It makes up structures such as our joints and fascia.
Muscle tissues (What does it do? What does it make up?)
This tissue moves the body around. It makes up our skeletal muscles and heart, and are part of several other organ systems.
Nervous tissues.
What does it do? What does it make up?
This tissue allows our cells to communicate. It makes up our brain, nerves, and associated structures.
Cells
In large groupings they form what?
Tissues, are made up of large group of these.
Organelles
What are they?
They are components of a cell and are responsible for specific tasks. There are over 24 known of these. And, They do their jobs in a semi fluid matrix called the cytosol.
Cytosol
What is it?
It is the internal fluid portion of the cell.
Chemicals
What are they built from?
they are built from structures of varying sizes, from atoms (smallest), to molecules, to macromolecules (largest).
Atom
What is it?
It is the basic unit of a chemical element.
Molecule
What is it?
It is a group of atoms bonded together.
Macromolecules
What are they?
They are large molecules.
Macronutrients
What are they?
Nutrients that the body requires a large amounts. (i.e., protein, fats, carbohydrates)
Micronutrients
What are they?
They are organic or inorganic compounds the body requires and very small amounts. (i.e., vitamins and minerals)
Compounds
What are they?
Consisting of two or more substances.
Potential Energy
What is it?
It is energy stored within a physical system.
Co-factor
What is it?
Non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation.
Hormone
What is it?
It is a compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell.
Genetics
What is it?
Specific, inherited DNA of an organism, which influences what they become, although environment also plays a key role in the expression of an organism’s genetic code.
DNA
What is it?
Nucleic acid’s that contain instructions for heredity.
Nucleus
What is it?
It is an organelle where genetic material is house.
Gene
What is it?
It is a particular sequence in DNA or RNA that controls the expression of a protein, and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism.
Evolutionarily Conserved (What does it mean?)
It means something that’s remain essentially unchanged throughout evolution.
Genetic Polymorphism (What does it mean?)
It is a variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes. These differences explain why some people respond slightly differently to various types of foods.
Bioactive
What does it mean?
It means having a biological effect.
Upregulated
What does it mean?
It means an increase of a cellular component.
DHA
What is it?
It is a fatty acid (an Omega-3 fatty acid) found in fish, other marine animals, and fish/algae oil supplements.
Nutrigenomics
Hint: it is the study of…
It is the study of how genes respond to nutritional intake.
Circadian
What is it?
It is any biological process that reoccurs naturally on a day-night cycle.
Plasma Membrane
What it it?
It is a lipid (phospholipids) bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cell. It also separates the cell from its neighbors and from the rest of our body. It is made up of lipids, protein, cholesterol, and other chemicals.
Lipids
What are they?
It is any class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives.
Phospholipids
What is it?
It is a type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group “head” and hydrophobic fatty acid “tail” that forms cell membranes.
Hydrophilic
What does it mean?
It means that it has a strong affinity for water.
Hydrophobic
What does it mean?
It means a lack of affinity for water.
Saturated Fat, Polyunsaturated Fat.
(The plasma membrane, because of its lipid structure, the type of fats that we eat can change how fluid or flexible the cell membrane can be.)
Too much Saturated Fat may cause the membrane to be too __________.
Too much Polyunsaturated Fat may cause the membrane to be too ____________.
Rigid, Fluid.
(The plasma membrane, because of its lipid structure, the type of fats that we eat can change how fluid or flexible the cell membrane can be.)
Too much ____________ fat may cause the membrane to be too rigid.
Too much ________________ fat may cause the membrane to be too fluid.
Saturated Fat
What is it?
It is a Fat with no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain.
Trans Fat
What is it?
It is Fat derived from the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
Monounsaturated Fat
What is it?
A fat with one double bond between the carbons in the fatty acid chain.
Polyunsaturated Fat
What is it?
A fat with two or more double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid chain.
Cytosol
What is it?
It is a gel-like solution located in the interior space of the cell. Many organelles, enzymes, salts and other organic molecules, including stored carbohydrates and fats, are suspended and maintained by this gel-like solution. It is rich in stored carbohydrates.
Cytoplasm
What is it?
It is the protoplasm within a cell, excluding the nucleus.
Cytosol, together with other organelles, except the nucleus, conform it.
Cytosolic Enzymes
What is it?
They are enzymes that control the process of quickly break down carbohydrates stored in the cytosol to transfer energy.
Mitochondria
What is it?
They are organelles that supply the cell’s energy/ ATP. Basically, they are the ones responsible of converting nutrients into energy.
Mitochondrion
What is the plural?
Mitochondria
What is the singular?
ATP
What is it? What does it mean?
It is the energy currency of the cell, Adenosine TriPhosphate. Source of energy for physiological reactions.
Mitochondrial Membranes
What is it?
The double biomembrane surrounding the mitochondrion. The inner membrane is the main barrier between it and the rest of the cell. Also, the inner membrane is where ATP is created. The outer membrane is porous.
Cristae
Where are they located? What does it do?
They are located in the folds of the inner mitochondrial membranes. They are studded (decorated) with enzymes and structures that help make ATP.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
How is it created?
When we make ATP for energy, our cells consume oxygen, and produces them as byproducts. Although these byproducts are a natural reaction of creating ATP, it can cause cellular damage, including damaging our DNA.
Chromosomes
Where are they located? What do they contain?
They are located in the nucleus, it contains genetic information.
Transcription
What is it?
It is the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.
Translation
What is it?
It is the formation of a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (What is it? What are the two types of ER?)
It is a cytoplasmic membrane that translate proteins. A “circulatory” Network found inside the cytosol, near the nucleus. There are two types, one is rough and the other one is smooth.
Golgi Apparatus
What is it?
It is a cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins.
Ribosomes
What are they?
They are the protein factories of the cell. A complex rich in RNA and proteins found in cells.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is it?
It is lined with ribosomes, which gives it a “rough” appearance.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is it?
These don’t have ribosomes, so it doesn’t make proteins. Instead, it builds lipids, steroid hormones, and carbohydrates to use in glycoproteins.
Steroid Hormones
What are they?
They are hormones processing steroid ring system, including androgens, estrogens, and adrenocortical hormones.
Glycoproteins
What are they?
They are proteins that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity.
Protein Synthesis (What does it mean?)
It means making proteins. It takes place using ribonucleic acids (RNA). In other words, it is the manufacturing of proteins from amino acids; guided by DNA.
Ribonucleic acids (RNA) (What are they?)
Various nucleic acids on
a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities.
Cisterna
What are they?
They are flattened membrane disc of Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus contains them, that are stacked on one another and small, circular vesicles. These vesicles (small sacs) act like little chaperones, engulfing the protein molecules and transporting them to the cell membranes, where they’ll either be sent elsewhere into the body, or incorporated into the membrane itself
Vesicles
What are they?
They are Fluid filled pouch / sac that can transport and store compounds.
Lysosomes
What are they?
It is an organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes. They are the garbage disposal units of ourselves. They are vesicles, containing more than 50 different enzymes, but you can break down cellular components and protect cells.
Microorganism
What is it?
It is an organism of microscopic size.
Peroxisomes
What are they?
It is a cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes that help with the breakdown of fatty acid’s and other macromolecules.
They are small membranous sacs containing enzymes (catalase and oxidase), which also detoxify harmful substances that enter cells. They are commonly found in liver and kidney cells, they are also important in cholesterol synthesis, bile acid synthesis, beta-oxidation, and prostaglandin metabolism.
Detoxify
What does it mean?
It means to remove a poison or toxin from the body.
Cholesterol
Where is it synthesized? It’s a precursor of what?
It is synthesize in the liver of humans and other animals. A precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones.
Bile
What is it?
It is a yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver, concentrated and stored in the gallbladder; released into the small intestine for fat digestion.
Prostaglandin
What is it?
It is a class physiologically active fatty acids compounds present in various tissues; it can have hormones like effects.
Enzymes
What are they? How so they work?
They are proteins and also important biological catalysts, substances that jump-start and speed up nearly every chemical reaction that occurs in the body.
They work by exposing their own “active sites” to connect with particular molecules. Once the enzyme can hold these molecules in place, reactions can occur.
Enzymes
What are two ways they connect to other molecules so reactions can occur?
In order for them to do their job, they must somehow fit and connect with their chemical partners. There are two models in which they do this:
- The Lock-and-Key Model; and
- The Induced Fit Model.
Lock-And-Key Model
How does it work?
In this model, the enzyme and its chemical partner fit together tightly and carry out their reaction.
Model that explains enzyme specificity.
The Induced Fit Model
How does it work?
In this model, the enzyme and chemical partner undergo structural changes when close to one another, eventually fitting together properly and starting the reaction.
Model that suggests enzymes are rather flexible structures.
Catalyst
What is it?
A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction.
Co-enzymes
What are they?
Just like a co-pilot works with a pilot, these work with enzymes. They are non-protein molecules, made up wholly or partly of vitamins. We need them for enzyme- catalyzed reactions.
Enzymes
Name things that can influence how they work
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and vitamin and mineral status.
Catalyze
What does it mean?
It means to initiate or increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
Signal Transduction
What is it?
It’s the conversion of one signal to another by a cell.
Receptor-Ligand Binding Complex
What is it?
It is a complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity.
Ligand
What is it?
It is an ion or molecule that binds to another molecule or metal atom.
Second Messenger
What is it?
It is a substance that mediates intra-cellular activity by relaying a signal from and extracellular molecule.
Protein receptors
They act as chemical gates. They are found both in our cell’s plasma membranes and inside of the cell.
Transport Proteins (What are they? Explain the types)
These proteins live in cell membranes and let molecules pass between spaces inside the cells and spaces outside the cell. This movement across the plasma membrane can take place via one of two mechanisms:
- Passive Transport (which doesn’t need energy).
- Active Transport (which needs energy).
Enterocytes
What are they?
They are cells which line the intestine, are shaped like little brushes. These increases their surface area and helps the absorb nutrients.
Columnar Epithelial Cells.
What are they?
These are tall skinny cells. Pillar-shaped cells that line many surfaces in the body. Much of the gastrointestinal tract is lined with these.
Stratified Cell
Also known as?
Stacked Cells
Goblet Cells
What are they?
They are Mucus-secreting epithelial cells that distends taking on form of a goblet; found often in respiratory and intestinal tracts.
Cuboidal Cells
What are they?
They are cube-shaped cells, they are found in the salivary glands and the lining of the mouth.
Squamous Cells
What are they?
They are flat cells that look a bit like layers of fish scales. They line the esophagus and help protect it from stomach acid.
Food
In what ways it affects our health?
- It provides energy.
- It provides molecules involved in chemical reactions.
- It is incorporated into body structures.
- It influences chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
- It affects protein-making signals as well as the quality of the proteins that are made.
Types of Cells
Name a few..
- Enterocytes.
- Columnar Epithelials.
- Goblet.
- Cuboidal.
- Squamous.
- Myocytes.
Myocytes
What are they?
They are Muscle Cells.
