Chapter 1: Cells Flashcards
all living things are made from
cells
cells
smallest unit of life, small membrane enclosed units, can create copies of themselves by growth and division
how do cells differ
size
shape
function
chemical requirements
every cell has
DNA, plasma membrane and a mechanism for making proteins
DNA
made of nucleotides, genetic information
RNA
transcribed from DNA, then translated to form proteins
central dogma of biology
DNA–> RNA–> Proteins
endosymbiont hypothesis
every cell cam from the same ancestor cell
genome
entire sequence of nucleotides, programs the cell with how to behave
what invention led to the discovery of cells
the light microscope
eukaryotes
have a nucleus, have membrane enclosed organelles, can live in multicellular organisms or on their own
prokaryotes
no nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles, small, many different shapes, very fast division
examples of prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archea
nucleus
hold genetic information, has two membranes, pores
mitochondria
generates energy from food molecules (cellular respiration),
thought to have evolved from engulfed bacteria cell,
contains its own DNA,
2 membranes,
can divide on its own
chloroplasts
only found in plant cells, where photosynthesis occurs, have their own DNA
endoplasmic reticulum
materials that are to be exported are made here
rough ER
has ribosomes makes proteins
smooth ER
does not have ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals
golgi bodies
modifies the products produced by the ER, sends products out after
lysozymes
digest and break down materials in the cell, has digestive enzymes
cytoskeleton
directs cells movement, made of protein fillaments
what are the types of protein filaments
actin
microtubules
intermediate
actin fillaments
microtubule filaments
help with DNA replication and divison,
hollow
intermediate fillaments
characteristics of life
cellular respiration
reproduction
metabolism
homeostasis
heredity
response to stimuli
growth and development
adaptation thru evolution
what do organelles allow for
specialization and coordinated functions
ribosomes
combination of proteins and RNA
plasma cells have alot of ribosomes because
they produce antibodies
free ribosomes
all ribosomes start out free, makes proteins in the cytoplasm
why are digestive enzymes only in lysozymes
because they only function at acidic pH values
peroxisome
creates hydrogen-peroxide and houses anything that needs hydrogen peroxide bc it can kill the cell
vesicles
transport and storage
cytoplasm
hold organelles in place, liquid portion (cytosol)
why would adipocyte cells have more smooth ER than an Insulin secreting cells
because they synthesises lipids
insulin producing cells
produces more ribosomes so they would have more rough ER
endomembrane system
system of organelles that allow for the production, transport and modification of proteins
what is involved in every metabolic pathway of a cell
proteins
phospholipid bilyaer
every membrane in a cell
hydrophobic tails
hydrophillic heads
Endomembrane system steps
- RNA leaves nucleus and goes to ribosomes
- ribosomes make a protein that is inserted into the ER lumen
- buds off in a vesicle and goes to golgi body
cis face
part of the golgi body that faces the ER
trans face
part of the golgi body that faces away from the ER
types of vesicles
secretory, transport, storage
