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Nutrition > Chapter 1 Cell Structure/function > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Cell Structure/function Flashcards

1
Q

what is metabolism ?

A

Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body.

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2
Q

Protiens are defined as what ?

A

large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids (contain nitrogen ) that are essential for living cells

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3
Q

List the types of organ system found in the human body?

A 
Integumentary system
skeletal system 
muscular system 
nervous system 
endocrine system 
circulitory system 
immune system 
respitory system 
digestive system 
urinary system reproductive.
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4
Q

consists of your skin , hair, nails , sweat glands, protects body from external damage

A

integumentary system

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5
Q

consists of your bones, tendons, ligaments, other structures. system supports body providing rigid structure capable of resistance and movement

A

skeletal system

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6
Q

skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscles part of arteries veins bladders, respitory tract. produce movement

A

muscular system

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7
Q

This covers the brain nervous tissues. Electrochemical cellular communication

A

Nervous system

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8
Q

What name of the system controls your hormonal glands and organs , including hypothalamus , pineal gland ,thyroid , liver pancreas , kidney

Responsible for chemical cellular communication within body

A

Endocrine system

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9
Q

This system contains the heart, blood blood vessels. transports hormones , enzymes, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the body

A

circulatory system

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10
Q

what system is made up of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils. protects gainst pathogens tumor cells, and invaders

A

immune system

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11
Q

what system comprised of , nasal pathway , lungs trachea , airway - excretes carbon dioxide and brings in oxygen

A

respiratory system

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12
Q

breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food and drink, oral cavity esophagus , stomach inestines

A

digestive system

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13
Q

your kidneys , ureters, bladder urethra

produces stores and eliminates urine

A

urinary system

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14
Q

List the 4 major types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissues
  3. muscle tissue
  4. nervous tissues
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15
Q

this type of tissue makes up our skin

A

epithelial tissue

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16
Q

this type of tissue make up structures such as our joints and facia

A

connective tissue

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17
Q

this type of tissue makes up brain and nerves and associated structures

A

nervous tissue

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18
Q

contained in each cel collections of molecules and chemicals perform specific individual functions.

24 known

A

organelle

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19
Q

these are proteins, carbohydrates and fats otherwise known as the ; needed in large amounts by the body

A

macronutrients

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20
Q

vitamins and minerals are also known as the, needed in small amounts by body

A

micronutrients

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21
Q

plant chemicals, biologically active but non nutritive

A

phytochemicals

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22
Q

what are 4 major uses of nutrients in the body?

A
  1. provide potential energy later released by breaking down chemical bonds between macronutrients
  2. provide raw material can be incorporated into body structure including tissue and organ
  3. act as co factors for chemical reaction
  4. stimulate release of hormones directing overall body function with unique message
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23
Q

this non-protein compound interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation

A

Co-Factor

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24
Q

these compounds are created by one cell that travels to and stimulates anther cell

A

hormones

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25
Q

the specific inheritaed DNA of an organism influences what they become although environment plays role

A

Genetic

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26
Q

Each cell nucleus in body houses genetic code a series of nucleic acids called what? his code also provides cellular instruction for making proteins

A

DNA

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27
Q

particular sequence in DNA or RNA that controls the expression of a protein , and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism

A

Gene

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28
Q

variation in form of one or a sequence in genes is called what

A

genetic polymorphism

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29
Q

True or False different foods contain specific nutrients and other bioactive components that can acually change the message expressed by genes? example?

A

True, broccoli contains compounds called isothiocyanates switch on gene in liver taht detoxifies cancer causing chemicals and other toxins

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30
Q

a daily cycle of hormone release

A

diurnal physiology

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31
Q

name several important mechanism of the body that are effected by food intake

A

insulin release, glucose uptake, blood glucose , glucagon release, satiety hormones, enzyme release ,, nutrient transport , protein synthesis , excretion, elimination

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32
Q

what is the protein hormone released from the pancreas necessary for the metabolism of nutrients

A

Insulin

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33
Q

List the Organelles of the cell

A 
Plasma membrane
mitochondrion 
nucleus 
endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus 
lysosome 
peroxisome
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34
Q

boundary located edge of each cell separates cell from neighbors. made of lipid bilayer acts like a wall made up of lipids, proteins, cholesterol. boundary is flexible and fluid like.

A

plasma membrane

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35
Q

type of lipid with hydrophilic phosphate group “head” and a hydrophobic fatty acid “tail” that forms cell membranes

A

phospholipids

36
Q

“heads” of lipid bilayer are water loving bond to water based molecules

A

hydrophilic

37
Q

“tails” of fatty acids that are water fearing bond best with fat based molecules

A

hydrophobic

38
Q

true false fats influence the membranes flulidity or flexibility?

A

true

39
Q

what is the effect of saturated fat on the cell membrane ?

A

makes membrane more rigid

40
Q

a diet high in polyunsaturated fat has what effect of the cell membrane

A

makes membrane more fluid

41
Q

what does having a balanced dietary fat profile provide to the body and cells?

A

prevents tight packing of fatty acids in membranes allows better hormone and neurotransmitter binding - better cell communication

42
Q

internal fluid portion of cell, rich in carbohydrates

A

cytosol

43
Q

exercise does what to intercellular carbohydrate supplies

A

increases supply and ability to break down carbs for work

44
Q

organic substance insoluble in water, structure storage and messenger functions in body

A

lipid

45
Q

lipid/sterol contained in body cell and fluids acts as precursor to hormones and bodily structures

A

cholesterol

46
Q

organelle supply cells energy/atp , place where energy converted into ATP – 95% body energy produced in this cell organelle

A

mitochondria

47
Q

to combine with oxygen

A

oxidize

48
Q

adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for the cell

A

ATP

49
Q

internal compartments of mitochondria where atp created- inner mitochondrial membrane, serving main barrier between it and rest of ell- folds which contain enzymes and structures used for making atp

A

Cristae

50
Q

the quantity of mitochondria per unit volume

A

mitochondrial density

51
Q

how does exercise influence mitochondria density?

A

can increase number of mitochondria meaning more energy production. elite athletes have more mitochondria with training and per unit of muscle mass

52
Q

specific attributes of mitochondria, different people make atp different rates

A

mitochondrial quality

53
Q

ROS Reactive Oxygen Species

A

various substances formed as byproduct of metabolism highly reactive due to unpaired electron shell. also known as free radicals

cause damage to DNA

54
Q

those with less efficient miochondria more ROS are formed per unit ATP produced. with high efficiency mitochondria more ATP produced per unit oxygen consumed and per ROS formed – shows that

A

atp generation and free radical production relies on mitochondrial quality

55
Q

chromosome

A

organized structure of DNA found within cells that contains genes of organism

56
Q

translation

A

forming a protein molecule based on information contained in mRNA

57
Q

responsible for intercelluar protein making

A

transcription and translation

58
Q

This is a reactive atom with one or more electrons. relies on mitochondrial quality.

A

Free radical

59
Q

what is the organized structure of DNA within cells, that contains genes of organism. dictates which proteins are formed in body .

A

chromosomes

60
Q

various substances formed as byproduct of metabolism that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron shell.

A

reactive oxygen species or free radicals

61
Q

“circulatory” network located inside cytoplsm adjacent to nuclueas. translates proteins

A

ER endoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

Golgi Apparatus has what function in a cell?

A

organelle needed for modification and transport of proteins. receive genetic message from DNA transport required proteins for use inside cell. After protein synthesized in ribosomes of the rough ER move to Golgi apparatus which prepares protein that will leave the cell

63
Q

protein that contains a carbohydrate group involved in membrane integrity.

A

glycoproteins

64
Q

what are the 2 types of ER and what do they do

A

Smooth ER and Rough ER

Rough ER lined with Ribosomes

smooth ER no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids steroid hormones and carbs

65
Q

what is a ribosome?

A

complex rich in RNA and protein Found in sells - they are the site of protein synthesis and called “protein Factories”

66
Q

The synthesis of proteins takes place using what?

A

RNA ribonucleic acids-

67
Q

Contained in the Golgi apparatus- tiny disk like holding tanks, are stacked on one another and small circular vesicles .

A

Cisternae

68
Q

little chaperones, engulf protein molecules and transport them to membrane from golgi apparatus

A

vesicles

69
Q

these enzyme containing vesicles ( contain hyrolytic enzymes) break down cellular components and protect cells .

digest and dispose of microorganism in cell- garbages disposel of cell

A

lysosomes

70
Q

small membranous sacs containing (catalase and oxidase) detoxify harmful substances- liver and kidney cells,- important in cholesterol synthesis bile acid synthesis B-oxidation . fats are broken down in this . 30-40% more heat produced and 30% less atp produced. fish oil increase at breakdown through these-

A

Peroxisome

71
Q

Receptor-ligand binding complex

A

when chemical and receptor match they bind together allow for further cellular activity

72
Q

process of conversion of one signal to another by a cell

A

signal transduction

73
Q

substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule

A

second messenger

74
Q

example of protein receptor initiating signal tranduction cascade is what

A

cell response to insulin. when eat carb insulin released from pancreas. alters cellular function. upregulates number and operation of prtoein molecules in cell that bring glucose into cell. can become more sensitive to insulin after exercise .

75
Q

any substance that binds specifically and reversbily to another chemical entity to form a larger complex

A

ligand

76
Q

protiens in cell membrane act as channels or carriers. proteins allow passage of water soluble molecules between space in cell. travel using facilitated diffusion or active transport movement across a membrane .

A

Transport proteins

77
Q

transport that requires a carrier molecule : when diffusion of substance on its own is not possible

A

facilitated diffusion

78
Q

movement of particles from area of low concentration to area of high concentration ; requires energy and enzymes

A

active transport

79
Q

what is the largest group of protein in body ? they typically end in ase

A

enzymes

80
Q

these are teh catalysts of life facilitate speed up chemicl reactions

A

enzymes

81
Q

what factors influence enzymatic function

A

nutritional factors- temperature, pH, substrate concentration, vitamin and mineral status.

82
Q

substance acted upon by an ezyme

A

called a substrate

83
Q

how enzymes work ?

A

expos their own “active sites” (connective spaces) lock and key moel- when enzyme and chemical substrate fit together tightly and carry out their reaction.

84
Q

induced fit model of enzyme interactions with substrates occurs when enzyme and chemical substrate undergo structural changes when close to each other. True or false

A

true

85
Q

this non protein compound that forms active portion of enzyme system - work alongside enzymes –

A

co -enzyme

Nutrition (3 decks)

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