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Nutrition > Chapter 1 Cell Structure/function > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Cell Structure/function Flashcards

1
Q

what is metabolism ?

A

Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body.

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2
Q

Protiens are defined as what ?

A

large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids (contain nitrogen ) that are essential for living cells

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3
Q

List the types of organ system found in the human body?

A 
Integumentary system
skeletal system 
muscular system 
nervous system 
endocrine system 
circulitory system 
immune system 
respitory system 
digestive system 
urinary system reproductive.
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4
Q

consists of your skin , hair, nails , sweat glands, protects body from external damage

A

integumentary system

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5
Q

consists of your bones, tendons, ligaments, other structures. system supports body providing rigid structure capable of resistance and movement

A

skeletal system

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6
Q

skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscles part of arteries veins bladders, respitory tract. produce movement

A

muscular system

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7
Q

This covers the brain nervous tissues. Electrochemical cellular communication

A

Nervous system

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8
Q

What name of the system controls your hormonal glands and organs , including hypothalamus , pineal gland ,thyroid , liver pancreas , kidney

Responsible for chemical cellular communication within body

A

Endocrine system

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9
Q

This system contains the heart, blood blood vessels. transports hormones , enzymes, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the body

A

circulatory system

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10
Q

what system is made up of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils. protects gainst pathogens tumor cells, and invaders

A

immune system

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11
Q

what system comprised of , nasal pathway , lungs trachea , airway - excretes carbon dioxide and brings in oxygen

A

respiratory system

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12
Q

breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food and drink, oral cavity esophagus , stomach inestines

A

digestive system

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13
Q

your kidneys , ureters, bladder urethra

produces stores and eliminates urine

A

urinary system

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14
Q

List the 4 major types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissues
  3. muscle tissue
  4. nervous tissues
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15
Q

this type of tissue makes up our skin

A

epithelial tissue

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16
Q

this type of tissue make up structures such as our joints and facia

A

connective tissue

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17
Q

this type of tissue makes up brain and nerves and associated structures

A

nervous tissue

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18
Q

contained in each cel collections of molecules and chemicals perform specific individual functions.

24 known

A

organelle

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19
Q

these are proteins, carbohydrates and fats otherwise known as the ; needed in large amounts by the body

A

macronutrients

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20
Q

vitamins and minerals are also known as the, needed in small amounts by body

A

micronutrients

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21
Q

plant chemicals, biologically active but non nutritive

A

phytochemicals

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22
Q

what are 4 major uses of nutrients in the body?

A
  1. provide potential energy later released by breaking down chemical bonds between macronutrients
  2. provide raw material can be incorporated into body structure including tissue and organ
  3. act as co factors for chemical reaction
  4. stimulate release of hormones directing overall body function with unique message
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23
Q

this non-protein compound interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation

A

Co-Factor

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24
Q

these compounds are created by one cell that travels to and stimulates anther cell

A

hormones

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25
the specific inheritaed DNA of an organism influences what they become although environment plays role
Genetic
26
Each cell nucleus in body houses genetic code a series of nucleic acids called what? his code also provides cellular instruction for making proteins
DNA
27
particular sequence in DNA or RNA that controls the expression of a protein , and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism
Gene
28
variation in form of one or a sequence in genes is called what
genetic polymorphism
29
True or False different foods contain specific nutrients and other bioactive components that can acually change the message expressed by genes? example?
True, broccoli contains compounds called isothiocyanates switch on gene in liver taht detoxifies cancer causing chemicals and other toxins
30
a daily cycle of hormone release
diurnal physiology
31
name several important mechanism of the body that are effected by food intake
insulin release, glucose uptake, blood glucose , glucagon release, satiety hormones, enzyme release ,, nutrient transport , protein synthesis , excretion, elimination
32
what is the protein hormone released from the pancreas necessary for the metabolism of nutrients
Insulin
33
List the Organelles of the cell
``` Plasma membrane mitochondrion nucleus endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosome peroxisome ```
34
boundary located edge of each cell separates cell from neighbors. made of lipid bilayer acts like a wall made up of lipids, proteins, cholesterol. boundary is flexible and fluid like.
plasma membrane
35
type of lipid with hydrophilic phosphate group "head" and a hydrophobic fatty acid "tail" that forms cell membranes
phospholipids
36
"heads" of lipid bilayer are water loving bond to water based molecules
hydrophilic
37
"tails" of fatty acids that are water fearing bond best with fat based molecules
hydrophobic
38
true false fats influence the membranes flulidity or flexibility?
true
39
what is the effect of saturated fat on the cell membrane ?
makes membrane more rigid
40
a diet high in polyunsaturated fat has what effect of the cell membrane
makes membrane more fluid
41
what does having a balanced dietary fat profile provide to the body and cells?
prevents tight packing of fatty acids in membranes allows better hormone and neurotransmitter binding - better cell communication
42
internal fluid portion of cell, rich in carbohydrates
cytosol
43
exercise does what to intercellular carbohydrate supplies
increases supply and ability to break down carbs for work
44
organic substance insoluble in water, structure storage and messenger functions in body
lipid
45
lipid/sterol contained in body cell and fluids acts as precursor to hormones and bodily structures
cholesterol
46
organelle supply cells energy/atp , place where energy converted into ATP -- 95% body energy produced in this cell organelle
mitochondria
47
to combine with oxygen
oxidize
48
adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for the cell
ATP
49
internal compartments of mitochondria where atp created- inner mitochondrial membrane, serving main barrier between it and rest of ell- folds which contain enzymes and structures used for making atp
Cristae
50
the quantity of mitochondria per unit volume
mitochondrial density
51
how does exercise influence mitochondria density?
can increase number of mitochondria meaning more energy production. elite athletes have more mitochondria with training and per unit of muscle mass
52
specific attributes of mitochondria, different people make atp different rates
mitochondrial quality
53
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
various substances formed as byproduct of metabolism highly reactive due to unpaired electron shell. also known as free radicals cause damage to DNA
54
those with less efficient miochondria more ROS are formed per unit ATP produced. with high efficiency mitochondria more ATP produced per unit oxygen consumed and per ROS formed -- shows that
atp generation and free radical production relies on mitochondrial quality
55
chromosome
organized structure of DNA found within cells that contains genes of organism
56
translation
forming a protein molecule based on information contained in mRNA
57
responsible for intercelluar protein making
transcription and translation
58
This is a reactive atom with one or more electrons. relies on mitochondrial quality.
Free radical
59
what is the organized structure of DNA within cells, that contains genes of organism. dictates which proteins are formed in body .
chromosomes
60
various substances formed as byproduct of metabolism that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron shell.
reactive oxygen species or free radicals
61
"circulatory" network located inside cytoplsm adjacent to nuclueas. translates proteins
ER endoplasmic reticulum
62
Golgi Apparatus has what function in a cell?
organelle needed for modification and transport of proteins. receive genetic message from DNA transport required proteins for use inside cell. After protein synthesized in ribosomes of the rough ER move to Golgi apparatus which prepares protein that will leave the cell
63
protein that contains a carbohydrate group involved in membrane integrity.
glycoproteins
64
what are the 2 types of ER and what do they do
Smooth ER and Rough ER Rough ER lined with Ribosomes smooth ER no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids steroid hormones and carbs
65
what is a ribosome?
complex rich in RNA and protein Found in sells - they are the site of protein synthesis and called "protein Factories"
66
The synthesis of proteins takes place using what?
RNA ribonucleic acids-
67
Contained in the Golgi apparatus- tiny disk like holding tanks, are stacked on one another and small circular vesicles .
Cisternae
68
little chaperones, engulf protein molecules and transport them to membrane from golgi apparatus
vesicles
69
these enzyme containing vesicles ( contain hyrolytic enzymes) break down cellular components and protect cells . digest and dispose of microorganism in cell- garbages disposel of cell
lysosomes
70
small membranous sacs containing (catalase and oxidase) detoxify harmful substances- liver and kidney cells,- important in cholesterol synthesis bile acid synthesis B-oxidation . fats are broken down in this . 30-40% more heat produced and 30% less atp produced. fish oil increase at breakdown through these-
Peroxisome
71
Receptor-ligand binding complex
when chemical and receptor match they bind together allow for further cellular activity
72
process of conversion of one signal to another by a cell
signal transduction
73
substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule
second messenger
74
example of protein receptor initiating signal tranduction cascade is what
cell response to insulin. when eat carb insulin released from pancreas. alters cellular function. upregulates number and operation of prtoein molecules in cell that bring glucose into cell. can become more sensitive to insulin after exercise .
75
any substance that binds specifically and reversbily to another chemical entity to form a larger complex
ligand
76
protiens in cell membrane act as channels or carriers. proteins allow passage of water soluble molecules between space in cell. travel using facilitated diffusion or active transport movement across a membrane .
Transport proteins
77
transport that requires a carrier molecule : when diffusion of substance on its own is not possible
facilitated diffusion
78
movement of particles from area of low concentration to area of high concentration ; requires energy and enzymes
active transport
79
what is the largest group of protein in body ? they typically end in ase
enzymes
80
these are teh catalysts of life facilitate speed up chemicl reactions
enzymes
81
what factors influence enzymatic function
nutritional factors- temperature, pH, substrate concentration, vitamin and mineral status.
82
substance acted upon by an ezyme
called a substrate
83
how enzymes work ?
expos their own "active sites" (connective spaces) lock and key moel- when enzyme and chemical substrate fit together tightly and carry out their reaction.
84
induced fit model of enzyme interactions with substrates occurs when enzyme and chemical substrate undergo structural changes when close to each other. True or false
true
85
this non protein compound that forms active portion of enzyme system - work alongside enzymes --
co -enzyme

Nutrition (3 decks)

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