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IP Secondary 3 Biology > Chapter 1 - Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscopes can magnify objects up to ________

A

1000x

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2
Q

Micrographs from light microscopes are ________ (in colour/black-and-white)

A

in colour

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3
Q

Electron microscopes can magnify objects up to ________

A

more than 200000x

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4
Q

Micrographs from electron microscopes are ________ (in colour/black-and-white)

A

black-and-white

but can be artificially colourised

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5
Q

What is a longitudinal section (L.S.)?

A

Cutting along the length of the cell

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6
Q

What is a transverse section (T.S.)?

A

Cutting across the length of the cell

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7
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

Living material consisting of the cell surface membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

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8
Q

Structure of cell surface membrane

A
  • surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell
  • made up of lipids and proteins
  • partially permeable membrane: allows only some substances to pass through
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9
Q

Function of cell surface membrane

A

Controls substances entering or leaving the cell

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10
Q

Structure of cytoplasm

A
  • the part of the protoplasm between the cell surface membrane and the nucleus
  • contains organelles
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11
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Provides a medium for cell activities to occur

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12
Q

Structure of nucleus

A
  • consists of a small round mass of denser protoplasm (=nucleoplasm)
  • surrounded by a membrane (= nuclear membrane)
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13
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls cell activities such as cell growth and repair of worn-out parts
Essential for cell division

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14
Q

Structure of cell wall

A
  • made of cellulose

- fully permeable

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15
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Protects the cell from injury and gives it a fixed shape

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16
Q

Function of nuclear envelope

A

Separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cytoplasm

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17
Q

Structure of nucleoplasm

A
  • the dense material within the nucleus
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18
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Plays a part in the making of proteins in the cell

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19
Q

Structure of chromatin

A
  • a mass of long thread-like structures found within the nucleus
  • each chromatin thread is made up of proteins + DNA
  • in cell division, chromatin threads condense and become chromosomes (= highly coiled structures)
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20
Q

Function of chromatin

A

Stores hereditary information

Carries instructions for cell activities

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21
Q

Structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • a network of flattened spaces lined with a membrane
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22
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Site of protein synthesis (due to presence of ribosomes on its outer surface)
Physical modification of ribosomes
Transports proteins made by ribosomes to Golgi apparatus for secretion out of cell

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23
Q

Structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • connected to the RER, more tubular in structure

- does not have ribosomes attached

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24
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesises substances such as fats and steroids

Detoxification: converts harmful substances into harmless materials

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25
Q

Structure of ribosomes

A
  • small round structures, attached to the RER or lie freely in cytoplasm
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26
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Synthesises proteins that are either transported out of the cell or used within the cytoplasm of the cell

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27
Q

Structure of Golgi apparatus

A
  • a stack of flattened spaces surrounded by membranes
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28
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Chemically modifies substances made by the RER

Stores and packages these substances in vesicles for secretion out of the cell

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29
Q

How do vesicles transport substances? (1)

A

Small vesicles containing substances made by the ER are pinched off from the ER.

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30
Q

How do vesicles transport substances? (2)

A

Vesicles fuse with the Golgi apparatus and release their contents into it. The substances made by the ER may be modified.

31
Q

How do vesicles transport substances? (3)

A

Secretory vesicles containing modified substances are pinched off from the Golgi apparatus. They move to the cell membrane.

32
Q

How do vesicles transport substances? (4)

A

Secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and their contents are released outside the cell.

33
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  • small, oval-shaped organelles
34
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

During aerobic respiration, food substances are oxidised to release energy
Energy may be used by the cell to perform cell activities such as growth and respiration

35
Q

Structure of vacuoles

A
  • fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane
36
Q

Function of vacuoles

A

Store substances within the cell

37
Q

Structure of chloroplasts

A
  • oval structures

- contain chlorophyll

38
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Essential for photosynthesis

39
Q

Structure of centrioles

A
  • small, hollow cylinders

- usually found close to the nucleus

40
Q

Function of centrioles

A

Play an important role in cell division

41
Q

Structure of lysosomes

A
  • membrane-bound organelles filled with fluid containing enzymes
42
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Main sites of digestion within cells
Enable the cell to process its nutrients
Responsible for destroying the cell after it has died

43
Q

What is the difference between vacuole(s) in plant and animal cells?

A

Animal cell: many small vacuoles that contain water and food substances
Plant cell: large central vacuole that contains cell sap

44
Q

Difference between plant and animal cells

A
  • Cell wall present / absent
  • Chloroplasts present / absent
  • Centrioles absent / present
  • A large central vacuole / Many small vacuoles
45
Q

Calculation of magnification

A

length of diagram / actual length of cell

46
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell becomes specialised for a specific function

47
Q

Why are specialised cells required in the body?

A
  • Specialisation results in the division of labour whereby specialised units are developed to take on specific functions
    → life processes can be carried out more efficiently
    → eliminate repetition of tasks
    → efficient uptake and distribution of resources
    → allow different functions to be carried out simultaneously
48
Q

Differentiation in a red blood cell [3]

A
  1. Haemoglobin in the cytoplasm: transports oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body
  2. No nucleus: carry more oxygen
  3. Biconcave shape (thinner central portion): increases the surface area to volume ratio → increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen into and out of the cell
49
Q

Differentiation in a xylem vessel [2]

A
  1. No cross walls: does not obstruct water flow through the lumen
  2. Walls are thickened with lignin: to prevent the
    vessel from collapsing (provide mechanical support for the plant)
50
Q

Differentiation in a root hair cell [1]

A
  1. Long and narrow: increases the surface area to volume ratio → absorb water and mineral salts at a faster rate
51
Q

Multicellular organism: cells

A

Specialised for a particular function

52
Q

Multicellular organism: tissues

A

A group of similar cells which work together to perform a specific function

53
Q

Multicellular organism: organ

A

Different tissues working together to carry out a specific function

54
Q

Multicellular organism: organ systems

A

Several related organs working together to carry out a particular function

55
Q

What are simple tissues?

A

Tissues made up of only one type of cells

56
Q

Example of a simple tissue

A

muscle tissue

57
Q

What are complex tissues?

A

Tissues made up of several types of cells

58
Q

Examples of complex tissues

A

blood, nerve tissue, phloem tissue

59
Q

Examples of organs in humans

A

brain, heart, kidneys

60
Q

Examples of organs in plants

A

leaves, flowers

61
Q

Examples of organ systems in humans

A

digestive system: stomach, intestine etc

respiratory system: trachea, lungs etc

62
Q

Examples of organ systems in plants

A

shoot system: leaves, stems, flowers, fruits

root system: roots

63
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells that do not contain membrane bound organelles

64
Q

Example of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria cells

65
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Cells that contain membrane bound organelles

66
Q

Examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Plant cells, animal cells

67
Q

What does “fluid” refer to in the term “fluid mosaic model”?

A

The constant lateral and rotational movement of phospholipids in the cell membrane

69
Q

What does “mosaic” refer to in the term “fluid mosaic model”?

A

The diversity of proteins scattered in the cell membrane

70
Q

What does a phospholipid consist of?

A

Hydrophilic phosphate head

Two hydrophobic fatty acid tails

70
Q

Nature of the phospholipid bilayer is mostly ________

A

hydrophobic

71
Q

What substances are the cell membrane made up of?

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates

72
Q

Which are the molecules that can cross the phospholipid bilayer without the aid of membrane proteins?

A

Hydrophobic, non-polar molecules
Lipid soluble molecules
Gases e.g. carbon dioxide, oxygen (with ease)
Water, glucose and other sugars (very slowly)

73
Q

Which are the molecules that can cross the phospholipid bilayer with the help of transport proteins?

A

Hydrophilic substances
Charged ions e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+
Water molecules

IP Secondary 3 Biology (8 decks)

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