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Brain Bee > Chapter 1: Brain Basics P2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Brain Basics P2 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

what view is the sagittal brain slice?

A

from the side

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2
Q

what view is the coronal brain slice?

A

form the back

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3
Q

what view is the horizontal brain slice?

A

from the top

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4
Q

what is the front and back orientation?

A

superior or dorasal

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5
Q

what are neurons?

A
  • transmits signal to other nerve cells, muscles, or glands
  • classified by function, location, neurotransmitters, and shape
  • synapse with dendrites but can also synapse with cell bodies
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6
Q

what are gila?

A
  • support cells
  • clear toxins, support transport of information, and protects the system when there’s damage
  • oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes
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7
Q

what are excitatory neruons?

A

send signals that push their neighboring neuron toward firing (80% neurons)

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8
Q

what are inhibitory neurons?

A

send signals that suppress the activity of neighboring neurons, which regulates circuit activity (20% neurons)

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9
Q

what is an example of neuron example?

A

seizure disorders could be caused by imbalances in the activity of these neurons

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10
Q

what are the roles of glial cells?

A
  • influence communication between neurons by modifying chemical environment between them
  • guide neurons from side of creation to their final position in brain
  • remove dead neurons, serve nutritive needs, provide structural support
  • maintaining the blood-brain barrier, physical barrier preventing toxins, drugs, immune cells from entering nervous system
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11
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

regulate ion concentrations, provide nutrients to neurons, regulate, formation of new connections between neurons

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12
Q

what are microglia?

A

brains immune cells that help protect from infection/damage

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13
Q

what is ependymal cells?

A

critical role in homeostasis of cerebrospinal fluid that cushions brain and waste clearance

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14
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

wrap axons in a fatty sheath called myelin
- produce myelin

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15
Q

what does it mean to have a large myelin?

A

the greater the speed with which electrical signal (action potential) travels down axon

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16
Q

what are nodes of ranvier?

A

gaps between the myelinated sections of an axon

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17
Q

what is gray matter?

A

contains the cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals of neurons

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18
Q

what is white matter?

A

made of axons connective other parts of gray matter to each other

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19
Q

which matter is on the outside and which on the inside?

A
  • gray matter on the outside
  • white matter on the inside
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20
Q

which part of the neuron receives information/signals?

A

the dendrites

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21
Q

what is an ion?

A

a charged atom
- can only cross membrane through an ion channel

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22
Q

what is a membrane potential?

A

the electric potential (or voltage) difference across the cell membrane

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23
Q

what voltage for a neuron at rest?

A

-70 millivolts (mV)

24
Q

is it more negative inside or outside the neuron?

A

inside the neuron

25
Q

what happens when membrane potential (at rest -70 mV) when potassium channels open?

A

becomes less negative

26
Q

what is depolarization?

A

less negative

27
Q

what is hyperpolarization?

A

more negative

28
Q

what is an action potential?

A

the electrical impulse that moves down a neuron
- triggered when the sum of signals at dendrites reaches the cell’s threshold voltage (-55 mV) and opens voltage-gates ion channels

29
Q

what is the first stage of an action potential

A

threshold: -55 mV to start an action potential

30
Q

what is the second step of an action potential?

A

depolarization: sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) enter the cell

31
Q

what is the third step of AP?

A

the action potential happens at peek

32
Q

what is the fourth step of AP?

A

repolarization: cell becomes hyperpolarized (more negative)

33
Q

what is the fifth step of AP?

A

refectory period: because of qualities of the channels, overshoots target (voltage under -70 mV)

34
Q

what is the last step of AP?

A

resting state

35
Q

what is the myelin?

A
  • oligodendrocytes wrapped around axon
  • composed of fat: cholesterol, lipids, proteins
  • electrical insulator to increase the speed of signal transmission within axon
  • allows for saltatory conduction
36
Q

what is a synapse?

A

junction between two cells where signal (neurotransmitter) travels from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell

37
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

chemical messenger/signal that crosses the synapse during neurotransmission

38
Q

what is the first step of neurotransmission?

A

neurotransmitter release
- after action potential Calcium channels open to trigger NT release

39
Q

what is second step of neurotransmission?

A

NT binds to receptor of post-synaptic cell

40
Q

what is third step of neurotransmission?

A

post-synaptic cell has cascade of signals

41
Q

what are the three types of NT clean up?

A
  • reuptake by presynaptic cell
  • diffusion into synapse
  • enzyme breaks down (metabolized)
42
Q

what happens after a NT enters the synaptic cleft?

A

binds to receptors on post-synaptic cell

43
Q

what is an ionotropic channel or ligand-gated ion channel?

A
  • NT binds directly to ion channel
  • fast acting response
44
Q

what is a metabotropic channel or G-protein-coupled receptor?

A
  • NT binds to receptor
  • receptor activates series of reactions, which opens channel
  • longer acting response
45
Q

what is an agonist?

A

binds to the receptor and activates it

46
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

binds to the receptor and blocks other endogenous compounds from activating the receptor

47
Q

what is Glutamate?

A
  • ionotropic glutamate receptor
  • most common excitatory NT
  • depolarize post-synaptic neuron
48
Q

what are the two examples of glutamate receptors?

A
  • AMPA are fast and brief
  • NMDA are slower, waves of multiple action potentials needed
  • both important for learning and memory
49
Q

what is GABA?

A

-most common inhibitory NT
- hyperpolarize post-synaptic neuron

50
Q

what are ionotropic GABA receptors?

A

inhibit postsynaptic cell by allowing Cl-ions to enter

51
Q

what are metabotropic GABA receptors?

A

inhibit postsynaptic cell by allowing K+ ions to leave

52
Q

what are hormones?

A

molecule that sends cues about distant tissue activity to the brain

53
Q

what are neuromodulator?

A

messenger released from a neuron to control groups of neurons

54
Q

what is prostaglandin?

A

small lipids that change brain’s response to pain and inflammation

55
Q

what is tay-sachs disease?

A

caused by genetic mutation for a gene coding for the fat-metabolizing enzyme, beta-hexosamindase A

56
Q

what is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

the APOE gene predicts protein accumulation of amyloids in the brain

57
Q

what is Huntington’s disease?

A

the mutation of the HTT gene leads to misfolding and accumulation of proteins

Brain Bee (3 decks)

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