Chapter 1 : Body Organization Flashcards
cell
structural and functional unit of living organisms
chemical
interaction of atoms
metabolism
all chemical reactions of the body and internal environment of an organism
anatomy
investigates th body’s structures; examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function
physiology
investigates processes or functions of living things; predict and understand the body’s response to stimuli and how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment
histology
the study of tissues and their structure
tissue
group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
organ
one or more tissues functioning together
organ system
group of organs functioning together
gross anatomy
the study of anatomical features visible to the naked eye, such as internal organs and external features
microscopic anatomy
the study of normal structure of an organism under the microscope
cytology
the medical and scientific study of cells
homeostasis
maintain constant internal environment which exists at a predetermined set point that needs to stay within a normal range
positive feedback
magnifies/increases the change of homeostasis; moves you farther from the set point (not common)
ex: labor pains, blood clotting, menstrual cycle
negative feedback
opposes/decrease the change to homeostasis; brings you back toward the set point (most common)
ex: body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, osmoregulation
integumentary system
organs: hair, skin, nails, glands
functions: regulation of body temperature (sweating/shivering), eliminates wastes, production of vitamin D, insulation and fat storage
skeletal system
organs: bones, ligaments, cartilage, bone marrow
functions: formation of blood cells, provides leverage for movement, supports and protects the body, calcium storage
muscular system
organs: muscles, tendons
functions: protects underlying tissues, provides body movement, generates body heat, controls body openings via sphincter
nervous system
organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory receptors
functions: sends electrical signals (communication), interprets sensory information,issues motor commands, coordinates activities in other organ systems, provide immediate/ short term response
endocrine system
organs: hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testis
functions: produces hormones, controls/maturation/reproduction, regulates metabolism, controls activities in other organ systems, produces slower/longer lasting responses
cardiovascular system
organs: heart, blood, blood vessels
functions: generates blood pressure, maintains blood flow to tissues, distributes body heat, transport of solutes/hormones/gases/ions
lymphatic system
organs: lymphatic vessels, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus
functions: defends the body against disease and infection, returns tissue fluid to the blood
respiratory system
organs: nasal cavities and sinuses, larynx (voice box), pharynx (throat), trachea (windpipe), lungs, alveoli (small sacs in lungs - gas exchange)
functions: delivers oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide from the blood, maintains acid-base balance
digestive system
organs: oral cavity, pharynx (throat), salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, small and large intestine
functions: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, water absorption, waste elimination
