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Biology 223 > Chapter 1 : Body Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 1 : Body Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

cell

A

structural and functional unit of living organisms

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2
Q

chemical

A

interaction of atoms

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3
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions of the body and internal environment of an organism

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4
Q

anatomy

A

investigates th body’s structures; examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function

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5
Q

physiology

A

investigates processes or functions of living things; predict and understand the body’s response to stimuli and how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment

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6
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues and their structure

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7
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

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8
Q

organ

A

one or more tissues functioning together

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9
Q

organ system

A

group of organs functioning together

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10
Q

gross anatomy

A

the study of anatomical features visible to the naked eye, such as internal organs and external features

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11
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

the study of normal structure of an organism under the microscope

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12
Q

cytology

A

the medical and scientific study of cells

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13
Q

homeostasis

A

maintain constant internal environment which exists at a predetermined set point that needs to stay within a normal range

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14
Q

positive feedback

A

magnifies/increases the change of homeostasis; moves you farther from the set point (not common)
ex: labor pains, blood clotting, menstrual cycle

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15
Q

negative feedback

A

opposes/decrease the change to homeostasis; brings you back toward the set point (most common)
ex: body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, osmoregulation

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16
Q

integumentary system

A

organs: hair, skin, nails, glands
functions: regulation of body temperature (sweating/shivering), eliminates wastes, production of vitamin D, insulation and fat storage

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17
Q

skeletal system

A

organs: bones, ligaments, cartilage, bone marrow
functions: formation of blood cells, provides leverage for movement, supports and protects the body, calcium storage

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18
Q

muscular system

A

organs: muscles, tendons
functions: protects underlying tissues, provides body movement, generates body heat, controls body openings via sphincter

19
Q

nervous system

A

organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory receptors
functions: sends electrical signals (communication), interprets sensory information,issues motor commands, coordinates activities in other organ systems, provide immediate/ short term response

20
Q

endocrine system

A

organs: hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testis
functions: produces hormones, controls/maturation/reproduction, regulates metabolism, controls activities in other organ systems, produces slower/longer lasting responses

21
Q

cardiovascular system

A

organs: heart, blood, blood vessels
functions: generates blood pressure, maintains blood flow to tissues, distributes body heat, transport of solutes/hormones/gases/ions

22
Q

lymphatic system

A

organs: lymphatic vessels, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus
functions: defends the body against disease and infection, returns tissue fluid to the blood

23
Q

respiratory system

A

organs: nasal cavities and sinuses, larynx (voice box), pharynx (throat), trachea (windpipe), lungs, alveoli (small sacs in lungs - gas exchange)
functions: delivers oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide from the blood, maintains acid-base balance

24
Q

digestive system

A

organs: oral cavity, pharynx (throat), salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, small and large intestine
functions: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, water absorption, waste elimination

25
Q

urinary system

A

organs: urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, kidneys
functions: filters blood and removes wastes (kidneys), regulates water balance, maintains blood pressure, regulates acid-base balance, stores urine

26
Q

male reproductive system

A

organs: prostate gland, penis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, testis
functions: produces hormones, production of sperm, sexual intercourse

27
Q

female reproductive system

A

organs: ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), mammary glands
functions: produces hormones, production of oocytes, embryo support, lactation, sexual intercourse

28
Q

anatomical position

A

body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

other positions: supine - lying face upward; prone - lying face downward

29
Q

axial region

A

makes up the main axis of the human body and includes the head, neck, chest, and trunk

30
Q

appendicular region

A

makes up the parts of the human body that connect to the axial region

31
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides

32
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

33
Q

transverse plane

A

a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections

34
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

forward portion

35
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

backward portion

36
Q

superior (cephalic)

A

towards the head

37
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head

38
Q

medial

A

relative to the midline

39
Q

lateral

A

relative to the midline

40
Q

proximal

A

used to describe linear structures; ex: wrist to shoulder

41
Q

distal

A

used to describe linear structures

42
Q

superficial

A

relative to the surface of the body

43
Q

deep

A

relative to the surface of the body

Biology 223 (1 decks)

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