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Intro Neuroscience > Chapter 1 - Biopsychology as a Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Biopsychology as a Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Who did prefrontal cortex lobotomy?

A

Dr. António Egas Moniz

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2
Q

What is a lobotomy?

A

A procedure that disconnects the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain

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3
Q

Neuroscience definition

A

The study of the nervous system

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4
Q

Biopsychology definition

A

The study of brain and behavior; or textbook: the scientific study of the biology of behavior; biological approach to study of psychology

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5
Q

How heavy’s the brain?

A

1.3kg

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6
Q

How many neurons and neural connections are in the brain?

A

90 billion neurons, 100 trillion connections

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7
Q

Human Brain’s Paradox

A

Does the human brain have the capacity to understand something as complicated as itself?

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8
Q

Jimmie G. Case

A

Age 49, thinks he’s 19. Great sensory/motor/cognitive abilities, but horrible memory. “A Man Frozen In Time”.

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9
Q

4 Big Themes in Textbook

A

Thinking Creatively, Clinical Implications, Evolutionary Perspective, Neuroplasticity

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10
Q

2 Emerging Themes in Textbook

A

Epigenetics and Consciousness

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11
Q

Origins of Biopsychology

A

1949: The Organization of Behavior by Donald Webb (made a theory of how psychology phenomena can be explained by brain activity). Eclectic approach. Young infant field

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12
Q

Neurochemistry definition

A

The study of the chemical base of neural activity

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13
Q

Neuropathology

A

The study of nervous system dysfunction

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14
Q

Neurophysiology

A

The study of functions and activity of the nervous system

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15
Q

3 Main Distinctions in Types of Research

A

Non-Human vs. Human, Experimental vs. Non-experimental, Pure vs. Applied

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16
Q

Advantages of Non-Human Subjects

A

Simpler brains, comparative approach (comparing species), more ethical possibilities

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17
Q

What differs between human and non-human brains?

A

Quantity rather than Quality. Size and cortical development. (evolutionarily similar with similar fundamentals)

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18
Q

2 Camps of Ethics for non-human animals

A

1) Support animal research only if minimizes harm and potential benefits cannot be obtained otherwise
2) Oppose animal research because stress to animals is not outweighed by benefits

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19
Q

Committees for Animal Research : 3 R’s

A

Reduction (reduce animals), Refinement (change elements in study to reduce harm), Replacement (use alternative techniques)

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20
Q

Between-Subjects Design vs. Within-Subjects Design

A

Between: different groups under one condition each (more common)
Within: same group gets every condition

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21
Q

What is the 1 difference between the groups called?

A

The independent variable

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22
Q

Coolidge Effect

A

Done in hamsters. Copulation starts again when new female introduced. Novelty.

23
Q

Lordosis

A

The posture of female rodent in sexual reciptivity

24
Q

How did they adjust for the fatigue of males confound?

A

Made different groups where 3 males introduced

25
Q

Quasi-experimental Studies

A

No random assignment (possible confounds). Correlation. Real world conditions. Ex: 100 detoxified males vs. 50 non-drinkers, found poorer cognitive ability for detoxified males (confound = education)

26
Q

Case Studies

A

Same subject or small group. No controlling variables. Low generalizability

27
Q

Pure vs. Applied Research

A

Differs in purpose. Pure is to acquire knowledge. Applied is to bring direct benefit to humankind.

28
Q

Translational Research

A

Research that aims to use findings from pure research for applied settings

29
Q

Physiological Psychology

A

Direct manipulations to the brain to see behavior. Controlled experiments. Non-human. Pure.

30
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Drugs effects on behavior. Similar to physiological psych (manipulating brain to see behavior). Mostly applied (therapeutic). Non-human usually first.

31
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Study psychological effects of brain dysfunction. Never controlled experiment. Most applied of subdisciplines

32
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Neural tissue covering cerebral hemisphere. Most likely to be damaged, so largest focus

33
Q

Mr. R Case Study

A

Car accident led to decline in grades. High IQ but low verbal and reading. Language skills affected (may be right temporal damage). Switched to architecture major (no language needed)

34
Q

Psychophysiology

A

Physiology of psychological processes (ex: schizophrenia and eye tracking). Behavior –> brain activity. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

35
Q

Automatic Nervous System (ANS)

A

nervous system division for inner environment regulation

36
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The neural basis of cognition. Youngest subdivision. Functional Brain Imaging.

37
Q

Cognition

A

Higher mental processes (memory, attention, etc.)

38
Q

Comparative Psychology

A

Behavior of animals in natural environments. Evolution, Genetics, and Adaptation.

39
Q

Ethological Research

A

Studies animals in natural environments

40
Q

Converging Operations

A

Use of multiple approaches to study a single issue

41
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

A neuropsychological disorder: memory loss, sensorimotor dysfunction, severe dementia

42
Q

Cause of Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Mostly due to lack of vitamin B1. Used converging operations to find cause.

43
Q

Scientific Inference

A

Observable events are used to infer properties of unobservable events. Ex: movement of images on retina on perception of movement

44
Q

Critical Thinking

A

recognizing weakness of existing ideas and the evidence that they’re based

45
Q

José Delgado and the Bull

A

Claimed to find taming center of the brain in caudate nucleus

46
Q

Problems with Jose Delgado Case

A

Stimulation could’ve made bull top charging for several reasons.

47
Q

Morgan’s Canon

A

Simplest interpretation for behavior should be given precedence

48
Q

Moniz Case

A

Nobel in Physiology and Medicine (1949); Prefrontal lobotomy of 2 chimpanzees.

49
Q

Transorbital Lobotomy

A

insert ice-pick-like device in eyelid. Walter Freeman

50
Q

Leucotome

A

Device to cut out brain tissue

51
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Any brain surgery to treat psychological problem

52
Q

Problems with Lobotomy Cases

A

No objective effectiveness evaluation. Low sample. Later on, people showed negative effects (after 40,000 in USA).

53
Q

Howard Dully

A

wrote memoir of being lobotomized at age 12

Intro Neuroscience (1 decks)

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