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BIO 110 Principles of Biology > Chapter 1: Biology: The Science of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Biology: The Science of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life.

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2
Q

atoms

A

The smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of that element.

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3
Q

cell

A

Fundamental unit of life. Lowest level of biological organization that has all of the characteristics of life.

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4
Q

tissue

A

Group of similar cells combined to perform a common function.

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5
Q

organ

A

Combination of two or more different tissues performing a common function.

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6
Q

organ system

A

Group of related organs working together.

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7
Q

organism

A

An individual plant, fungi, animal, or protist, or prokaryote.

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8
Q

species

A

Group of similarly constructed organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable offspring; organisms that share a gene pool; the taxon at the lowest level of classification.

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9
Q

population

A

Group of individuals of the same species occupying a given location at the same time.

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10
Q

community

A

All the populations in a particular locale.

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11
Q

ecosystem

A

A community of living organisms along with their physical environment; characterized by a flow of energy and a cycling of inorganic nutrients.

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12
Q

biosphere

A

Zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth in which organisms are found; encompasses all the ecosystems on Earth.

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13
Q

energy

A

Capacity to do work and bring about change; occurs in a variety of forms.

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14
Q

metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell during growth and repair.

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15
Q

homeostasis

A

The internal environment of an organism that remains constant between physiological boundaries.

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16
Q

reproduce

A

To produce a new individual of the same kind.

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17
Q

genes

A

Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes. In diploid organisms, typically two alleles are inherited—one from each parent.

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18
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms.

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19
Q

mutation

A

Change made in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Such changes may be due to a replication error or the influence of external sources called mutagens. Mutations generate variation in the gene pool of a population.

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20
Q

development

A

Events that occur from fertilization until the formation of an adult organism.

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21
Q

Adaptation

A

A modification in an organism’s structure, function, or behavior suitable to the environment.

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22
Q

evolution

A

Inheritable changes in a population over time that make the population better adapted to their environment.

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23
Q

natural selection

A

Mechanism of evolution caused by environmental selection of organisms most fit to reproduce; results in adaptation to the environment.

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24
Q

taxonomy

A

Branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying organisms.

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25
Q

systemics

A

Study of the diversity of organisms to classify them and determine their evolutionary relationships.

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26
Q

genus

A

One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; contains those species that are most closely related through evolution.

27
Q

family

A

One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon above the genus level.

28
Q

order

A

One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon above the family level.

29
Q

class

A

One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon above the order level.

30
Q

phylum

A

One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon above the class level.

31
Q

kingdom

A

One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon above phylum.

32
Q

domain

A

Largest of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

33
Q

domain Bacteria

A

One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea because they have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics.

34
Q

domain Archaea

A

One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that often live in extreme habitats and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics; its members are sometimes referred to as archaea.

35
Q

domain Eukarya

A

One of the three domains of life, consisting of organisms with eukaryotic cells and further classified into the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

36
Q

protist

A

Eukaryotic organisms that are usually single-celled; members of the kingdom Protista.

37
Q

fungi

A

Saprotrophic decomposer. The body is made up of filaments, called hyphae, that form a mass called a mycelium. Member of the kingdom Fungi.

38
Q

plant

A

Multicellular, usually photosynthetic, organism belonging to the kingdom Plantae.

39
Q

animal

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, organism belonging to the kingdom Anamalia.

40
Q

supergroup

A

High-level taxonomic groups just below the domain level; used for classification of eukaryotes.

41
Q

binomial name

A

Scientific name of an organism, the first part of which designates the genus and the second part of which designates the specific epithet.

42
Q

observation

A

Step in the scientific method by which data are collected before a conclusion is drawn.

43
Q

inductive reasoning

A

Using specific observations and the process of logic and reasoning to arrive at a hypothesis.

44
Q

hypothesis

A

Supposition established by reasoning after consideration of available evidence. It can be tested by obtaining more data, often by experimentation.

45
Q

experiment

A

Series of actions undertaken to collect data with which to test a hypothesis.

46
Q

experimental design

A

Artificial situation devised to test a hypothesis.

47
Q

prediction

A

Step of the scientific process that follows the formation of a hypothesis and assists in creating the experimental design.

48
Q

experimental variable

A

In a scientific experiment, a condition of the experiment that is deliberately changed.

49
Q

responding variable

A

In an experiment, the value that is obtained as a result of changing the experimental variable.

50
Q

control group

A

Sample that goes through all the steps of an experiment but is not exposed to the experimental variable; a standard against which the results of an experiment are checked.

51
Q

model systems

A

Simulation of a process; aids conceptual understanding until the process can be studied firsthand; a hypothesis that describes how a particular process might be carried out.

52
Q

data

A

Facts, or information, collected through observation and/or experimentation.

53
Q

conclusion

A

Statement made following an experiment as to whether or not the results support the hypothesis.

54
Q

scientific theory

A

Concept supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data.

55
Q

principle

A

Theory that is generally accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists, also called a law.

56
Q

law

A

Universial principle that describes the basic functions of the natural world.

57
Q

placebo

A

Treatment that contains no medication but appears to be the same treatment as that administered to the test groups in a controlled study.

58
Q

technology

A

Application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose.

59
Q

climate change

A

Overall change in global weather patterns caused by any number of human-related events.

60
Q

global warming

A

Predicted increase in the Earth’s temperature due to human activities that promote the greenhouse effect.

61
Q

biodiversity

A

Total number of different species living on Earth.

62
Q

Extinction

A

Total disappearance of a species or higher group.

63
Q

emerging disease

A

Infectious disease that has not previously been detected in humans.

BIO 110 Principles of Biology (1 decks)

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