Chapter 1: Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Franz Gall

Answer 1

Earliest theories that behavior, intellect, and personality are linked to brain anatomy. Developed phrenology.

Question 2

Pierre Flourens

Answer 2

Studied parts of the brain by extirpation on animals showing that specific parts had specific functions.

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

Father of American psychology. One of the first to start functionalism, a system of thought in psychology that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

Question 4

John Dewey

Answer 4

Functionalist, Believed psychology should focus on organisms as a whole as it functioned to adapt

Question 5

Paul Broca

Answer 5

first to like behavioral deficits with specific brains lesions. Brocas area relating to speech production

Question 6

Hermann von Helmholtz

Answer 6

measure the speed of a nerve impulses. Combining psychology into natural sciences

Question 7

Sir Charles Sherrington

Answer 7

inferred the existence of synapses

Question 8

Three types of nerve cells in the nervous system

Answer 8

sensory, motor, interneurons

Question 9

Sensory neurons

Answer 9

(aka afferent neurons) transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

Question 10

Motor neurons

Answer 10

(aka efferent neurons) transmit motor information between the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

Question 11

Interneurons

Answer 11

most common neuron, located in the brain and spinal cord linked to reflexive behavior

Question 12

Reflex arcs

Answer 12

use the ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay information to the source of stimuli while also rooting it to the brain

Question 13

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 13

composed of brain and spinal cord

Question 14

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 14

composed of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord. Divided into somatic and autonomic divisions

Question 15

Somatic nervous system

Answer 15

consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles.

Question 16

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 16

involves involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs and glands. e.g. heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions. Independent of conscious control. Divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

Question 17

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

goal is to conserve energy. “rest and digest” . Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses.

Question 18

Roles of parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 18

constrict pupils, stimulates flow of saliva, constricts bronchi, slows heartbeat, stimulates peristalsis and secretion, stimulates bile release, contracts bladder.

Question 19

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 19

acted by stress. “fight or flight” Roles include increased heart rate, dilated pupil, salivation inhibition, increased blood glucose concentration, redistribution of blood to muscles of locomotion, relaxes bronchi, releases of epinephrine, decrease digestion

Question 20

Layers of meninges

Answer 20

connective tissue layers from superficial to deep:

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

Question 21

basic subdivisions of the brain

Answer 21

1) hindbrain - controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and sleeping/waking
2) midbrain - receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body. Associated with involuntary reflexes
3) forebrain - is associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

Question 22

subdivisions of the brain during embryonic development

Answer 22

hindbrain (rhombencephalon): myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) and metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
forebrain (prosencephalon): telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and pineal gland)

Question 23

Thalamus

Answer 23

forebrain structure that serves as an important relay station for incoming sensory information (not smell) transmits the information to appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex

Question 24

Hypothalamus

Answer 24

Feeding, Fighting, Flighting, (sexual) Functioning. divided into
lateral hypothalamus, referred to as the hunger center thought to detect when the body needs more food or fluids
ventromedial hypothalamus, signal to stop eating
anterior hypothalamus, controls sexual behavior

Question 25

Posterior pituitary

Answer 25

site of release for ADH

Question 26

Pineal gland

Answer 26

biological rhythms secretes melatonin

Question 27

Basal Ganglia

Answer 27

coordinates muscle movement as they receive information from cortex and relay info to the brain and spinal cord. Helps to make our movements smooth and steady. Related to parkinson, schizophrenia, and OCD

Question 28

Limbic System

Answer 28

1) Septal Nuclei - primary pleasure center in the brain
2) Amygdala - responsible for defensive and aggressive behaviors
3) Hippocampus - a vital role in learning and memory processing and communicates w/ the limbic system by the fornix.

Question 29

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 29

inability to establish new long-term memories

Question 30

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 30

refers to memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury

Question 31

Cerebral cortex

Answer 31

contains Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, and Temporal lobe

Question 32

Frontal lobe

Answer 32

composed of prefrontal lobes (area supervising operation of other brain regions such as memory perception, emotion, long term planning) and the motor cortex (initiates voluntary motor movements)

Question 33

Parietal Lobe

Answer 33

controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain; spatial processing; orientation; and manipulation

Question 34

Occipital lobe

Answer 34

Visual processing

Question 35

Temporal lobe

Answer 35

Sound Processing, speech perception, memory, and emotion

Question 36

Acetylcholine

Answer 36

Voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, and alertness

Question 37

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Answer 37

fight or flight responses, wakefulness, alertness

Question 38

Dopamine

Answer 38

smooth movements and postural stability

Question 39

Serotonin

Answer 39

mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming

Question 40

GABA and glycine

Answer 40

brain stabilization

Question 41

Glutamate

Answer 41

brain excitation

Question 42

Endorphins

Answer 42

Natural pain killer

Question 43

Endocrine System

Answer 43

Hypothalamus controls release of pituitary hormones
Pituitary gland triggers hormone secretion in many other glands
Adrenal medulla produces adrenaline causing sympathetic nervous system effects
Adrenal cortex produces cortisol, a stress hormone

Question 44

Primitive Reflexes

Answer 44

Rooting reflex: infant turns head toward anything brushing cheek
Moro reflex: infant extends the arms and then slowly retracts them and cries in response to falling sensation
Babinski reflex: big toe is extended and the other toes fan in response to brushing of the sole of the foot
Grasping reflex: infant grabs anything put into his or her hand

Question 45

Developmental milestones

Answer 45

Gross and fine motor abilities progress head to toe and core to periphery
Social skills shift from parent oriented to self oriented to other oriented