Chapter 1: Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Contribution to neuropsychology: Franz Gall

Answer 1

Developed the doctrine of phrenology; the part of the brain associated with traits expands, causing bulges on the head. Intellect can be linked to anatomy

Question 2

Contribution to neuropsychology: Pierre Flourens

Answer 2

Extirpation on rabbits and pigeons; surgically removing parts of the brain and observing behavioral responses

Question 3

Contribution to neuropsychology: William James

Answer 3

Father of American Psychology. Functionalism, system of though in psychology that studies how mental processes help individuals to adapt to their environment.

Question 4

Contribution to neuropsychology: John Dewey

Answer 4

Functionalism, but with the organism as a whole and how it adapts to its environment

Question 5

Contribution to neuropsychology: Paul Broca

Answer 5

Language=left side of the brain

Question 6

Contribution to neuropsychology: Hermann von Helmholtz

Answer 6

measured the speed of a nerve impulse

Question 7

Contribution to neuropsychology: Sir Charles Sherrington

Answer 7

first inferred the existence of synapses but thought that transmission was electrical. It is a chemical process

Question 8

What parts of the NS are in the CNS?

Answer 8

Brain and spinal cord

Question 9

What parts of NS are in the PNS

Answer 9

nervous tissue, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Olfactory and optic nerves.

Question 10

What do afferent neurons do?

Answer 10

sensory neurons: transmit sensory info from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

Question 11

What do efferent neurons do?

Answer 11

Motor neurons: transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Question 12

What functions are accomplished by the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 12

Activated by stress. Fight or flight response. Increases HR, redistributes blood to the muscles of locomotion, increases blood glucose concentration, relaxes the bronchi, decreases digestion and peristalsis, dilates the eyes to maximize light intake, and releases epinephrine into the bloodstream.

Question 13

What functions are accomplished by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 13

Conserve energy. resting and sleeping states. Reduces HR and constricts the bronchi. Manages digestion by increasing peristalsis and exocrine secretions. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic response in the body.

Question 14

Function? Cerebral Cortex

Answer 14

Complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes

Question 15

Function: Basal ganglia

Answer 15

movement

Question 16

Function: Limbic system

Answer 16

Emotion and Memory

Question 17

Function: Thalamus

Answer 17

sensory relay system

Question 18

Function: Hypothalamus

Answer 18

hunger and thirst; emotion

Question 19

Function: inferior and superior colliculi

Answer 19

sensorimotor reflexes

Question 20

Function: cerebellum

Answer 20

refined motor movements

Question 21

Function: Medulla oblongata

Answer 21

Vital functioning (breathing, digestion)

Question 22

Function: Reticular Formation

Answer 22

Arousal and alertness

Question 23

Hindbrain

Answer 23

located where the brain meets the spinal cord. Controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion and general arousal

Question 24

Midbrain

Answer 24

Just above the hindbrain. Receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body. Associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli.

Question 24

Forebrain

Answer 24

associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioural processes: emotion and memory.

Question 25

CT (computed tomography)

Answer 25

multiple X-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to cross-sectional slice images of the tissue.

Question 26

PET (positron emission tomography scan)

Answer 26

radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged

Question 27

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer 27

uses a magnetic field to interact with hydrogen and map out hydrogen-dense regions of the body

Question 28

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer 28

which uses the same base technique as MRI, but specifically measures changes associated with blood flow.