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Chapter 1 -Biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is a monomer

A

A monomer are small units that can be repeated to form larger polymers

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2
Q

Give examples of 3 monomers

A

Amino acids, glucose, nucleotides

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3
Q

What is a condensation reaction and what does it produce?

A

A condensation reaction is when monomers are joined by a chemical bond, where a water molecule is produced.

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4
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates are molecules which only consist of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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5
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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6
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

When two monosaccharides join via a condensation reaction

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides and what is joined to form them

A

Maltose- glucose, glucose
Sucrose- Fructose, glucose
Lactose- Galactose, glucose

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8
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Polysaccharides are formed from many glucose molecules join together

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides and what glucose makes them up

A

Glycogen- Alpha glucose, 1.4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds formed
Starch- Alpha glucose 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Cellulose- beta glucose

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10
Q

What is glycogen

A

Glycogen is a storage molecule in animals and is formed from many molecules of alpha glucose

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11
Q

What bonds are in glycogen

A

1,4 and 1,6

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12
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen in relation to its function

A

-Many terminal ends for simple step hydrolysis and quick energy release
-Large but compact molecule; maximises amount of energy it can store
-Insoluble, so no osmotic affect on cells

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13
Q

What is starch

A

Starch is a storage molecule in plants and is a mixture of two polysaccharides called amylose and amylopectin

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14
Q

What is amylopectin

A

Amylopectin is branched and made up of glucose molecules with 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

What is amylose

A

Amylose is an unbranched chain of glucose joined by only 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-It is very coiled and a compact molecule that stores a lot of energy

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16
Q

Name properties of starch

A

Insoluble- so won’t affect water potential
Compact- so a lot of energy can be stored in a small space

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17
Q

What is cellulose

A

Cellulose is a component of cell walls in plants, and is unbranched and composed of chains of

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18
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s test

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19
Q

Define Benedict’s test method

A
  1. Add 2cm3 of the food sample to be tested
  2. Add 2cm3 of Benedict’s reagent
  3. Heat the mixture in a water bath for 5 minutes.
  4. If the solution turns brick red/orange , then a reducing sugar is present
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20
Q

Define the test for non-reducing sugars

A

If there is no colour change to orange/brick red, then a reducing sugar is not present
1. Another 2cm3 of the same food sample is then taken and 2cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is added
2. The test tube is heated in a water bath for 5 minutes
3. The dilute HCl will hydrolyse the disaccharides and polysaccharides into their monosaccharides
4. Add sodium hydrogen carbonate in order to neutralise the test tube
5. REPEAT benedict’s test as usual

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21
Q

What are lipids

A

Lipids are biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen which are only soluble in organic solvents.

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22
Q

What are triglycerides

A

Triglycerides are lipids made of one glycerol molecule, and 3 fatty acid tails joined by ester bonds.

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23
Q

Saturated lipids

A

Are found in animal fats, solid at room temperature and do not contain double carbon bonds

24
Q

Unsaturated lipids

A

Found in plants, liquid at room temperature. Contain double carbon bonds. Double bonds mean that the molecule can bend

25
Triglyceride structures related to their properties
1. High ratio of energy storing carbon hydrogen bonds to carbon atoms, so good energy source 2. Low mass to energy ratio- good storage molecule as lots of energy can be stored in small space 3. High ratio of hydrogen oxygen atoms means that triglycerides release water when oxidised, so provide water source for animals in areas where water is scarce
26
What is a phospholipid
Made up of a glycerol backbone, phosphate head and 2 fatty acid tails -They are polar -The hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids can be used to the surface cell membrane -Hydrophobic tails (hates water) -Phospholipids form micelles when in contact with water
27
Emulsion test
1. Add 2cm3 of ethanol to a test tube to dissolve the sample 2. Add an equal volume of water 3. Shake gently 4. A cloudy white emulsion will appear if lipids are present
28
How many different amino acids are there?
20
29
What bond is formed between amino acids?
Peptide bonds
30
Define the primary structure of proteins
Primary structure of a protein is the order and number of amino acids
31
Define the secondary structure of a protein
Weak hydrogen bonds form. The secondary structure is the shape that the chain of amino acids makes- either alpha helix or beta pleated sheet (Folding)
32
Define the tertiary structure of a protein
It is the 3D shape of the protein formed. Disulfide bridges form, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds (Further folding)
33
What test is for proteins
Biuret test
34
Define the method for the biuret test
It is used to test the presence of peptide bonds 1. Place the sample to be tested in a test tube and add an equal volume of sodium hydroxide 2. Add a few drops of very dilute copper sulfate II solution and mix gently 3. A change from blue/black to purple indicates the presence of peptide bonds
35
What is an enzyme
An enzyme increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy they catalyse. They are a 3D globular protein, whose shape is determined by the primary structure
36
Describe the enzyme substrate complex
Enzyme's are specific to substrate, they bind and form an enzyme substrate complex. The enzyme's active sight changes slightly in order to fit the substrate- induced fit model
37
Describe the factors affecting enzyme-controlled reactions
1. Temperature- 2. pH 3. Enzyme concentration 4. Substrate concentration 5. Concentration of competitive inhibitors 6. Concentration of non-competitive inhibitors
38
How does temperature affect enzyme reactions
The rate of reaction increases as the temperature increases as the kinetic energy of the enzymes also increases. Above the optimum temperature, rate of reaction decreases as the enzyme becomes denatured.
39
How does pH affect enzyme reactions
pH affects the enzyme's tertiary structure, which causes the active site to change, meaning it is unable to bind to substrate
40
How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme reactions
The rate of reaction increases as enzyme concentration increases, as there are more active sites for the substrate to bind to. However, increasing the enzyme concentration beyond a certain point will not have an affect on the rate of reaction as there are more active sites than substrates. (substrate has been used up)
41
How does substrate concentration affect enzyme reactions
As concentration of substrate increases, rate of reaction increases as more enzyme-substrate complexes form. However, beyond a certain point, the rate of reaction no longer increases as enzyme concentration becomes a limiting factor.
42
How does concentration of competitive inhibitors affect enzyme reactions
As concentration of competitive inhibitors increases, the rate of reaction decreases as the active sites become blocked so substrates cannot bind to them
43
How does concentration of non-competitive inhibitors affect enzyme reactions
As concentration of competitive inhibitors increases, the rate of reaction decreases as the shape of the enzyme becomes altered by inhibitors
44
What are the components of DNA
Deoxyribose sugar, organic nitrogenous base, phosphate group
45
What are the DNA bases called
cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine
46
What are the components of RNA
ribose sugar, organic nitrogenous base, phosphate group
47
What are the RNA bases called
cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil
48
What bonds are formed between bases
Hydrogen bonds
49
What bonds are formed between nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
50
How is DNA stable
The phosphodiester backbone protects the reactive nitrogen containing organic bases inside the double helix 3 hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine
51
Define the process of semi-conservative replication
1. DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases, which splits the DNA strand into 2 template strand. 2. One strand is used as a template and complementary bases occurs as free nucleotides become attracted to the exposed strands 3. DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides together via condensation reaction, by which phosphodiester bonds are formed.
52
What is ATP's full name
Adenine triphosphate
53
What does ATP consist of
Adenine, 3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar
54
How is energy released from ATP
When ATP is hydrolysed into ADP and Pi, this is done by ATP hydrolase.
55
What are the properties of ATP
1. ATP is an immediate source of energy and can be broken down by simple step hydrolysis to release a manageable amount of energy 2. ATP is not stored in large quantities, as it can be easily reformed from ADP in seconds
56
Properties of water
1. It is a polar molecule, due to the uneven distribution of charge within the molecule 2. It is a metabolite 3. It is a solvent, allowing gases to readily diffuse as well as enzymes 4. It has a high specific heat capacity. This is because water molecules stick together with hydrogen bonds, meaning a lot of energy is required to break these bonds
57
List inorganic ions
1. Hydrogen ions- Determines the pH. The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the more acidic the pH is. 2. Iron ions- component of haemoglobin 3. Sodium ions- involved in co-transport of glucose 4. Phosphate ions- component of DNA and ATP

Biology (9 decks)

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