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Biochemistry > Chapter 1: Biochemistry and the Unity of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Biochemistry and the Unity of Life Flashcards

1
Q

How many amino acids construct proteins?

A

20

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2
Q

Amino acids are linked together via

A

Peptide bonds

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3
Q

List few of the functions of proteins

A

Acts as a receptor, signal molecules, structural roles, mobility, provides defenses against external environment, enhances the rate of chemical reactions (enzyme).

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4
Q

Which major biological molecule stores and transfers information?

A

Nucleic acids

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5
Q

How many monomers construct nucleic acids?

A

Four

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6
Q

What are the monomers called that construct nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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7
Q

What is a nucleotide composed of?

A

Five-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose / Ribose), base, and at least one phosphate

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8
Q

Nucleotides are linked together via

A

phosphodiester linkage

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9
Q

The information content of DNA is the sequence of

A

Nucleotides

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10
Q

What are the four bases DNA is composed of

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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11
Q

Is RNA single or double stranded?

A

Single stranded

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12
Q

Which RNA is a template for synthesis of proteins?

A

mRNA

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13
Q

What is RNA’s pentose sugar?

A

Ribose

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14
Q

What is RNA’s substitute for the base, thymine?

A

Uracil

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15
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of the molecular basis of life

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16
Q

Living organisms are composed of highly organized cells

A

True

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17
Q

Living organisms require a constant source of energy

A

True

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18
Q

Living organisms use regulated chemical reactions to maintain life

A

True

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19
Q

Certain fundamental pathways are found in many organisms

A

True

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20
Q

Instructions for life are encoded in which macromolecule

A

Nucleic acids

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21
Q

What is impermeable to most biomolecules (polar and large)

A

The plasma membrane

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22
Q

What gives the plasma membrane a selective permeability trait?

A

Proteins that permit entry and exit of molecules and information in/out of the cell

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23
Q

What is the cell wall composed of?

A

Cellulose

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24
Q

Where are cell walls found?

A

Plants

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25
Q

Cellulose is a polymer of..

A

Glucose

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26
Q

The cytoplasm is organized by a series of structural filaments (proteins) known as

A

The cytoskeleton

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27
Q

What are the three filaments that compose the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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28
Q

DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processes are located where in the cell?

A

The nucleus

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29
Q

90% of energy used by the cell is generated by which organelle?

A

Mitochondrion

30
Q

What is photosynthesis and where does it occur?

A

Photosynthesis is the conversion of solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.

31
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum processes exogenous chemicals such as alcohol / drugs?

A

Smooth ER

32
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is embedded with ribosomes?

A

Rough ER

33
Q

What is the name of the vesicle that buds of the Rough ER that contains the modified protein that will be transferred to the Golgi complex?

A

Transport vesicle

34
Q

What organelle is a series of stacked membranes that play a role in modification of proteins (attaches carbs)

A

Golgi complex

35
Q

Budding off from the Golgi complex and towards the cell membrane are known as which type of vesicle?

A

Secretory vesicles (granules)

36
Q

Secretory vesicles (granules) secrete biomolecules by

A

exocytosis

37
Q

Bringing biomolecules (Iron, vitamins, cholesterols, etc.) into the cell is known as

A

Endocytosis

38
Q

The process of large amounts of material taken into the cell is known as

A

Phagocytosis

39
Q

Contains digestive enzymes and bud off the Golgi complex and fuses with endosomes to digest materials brought into the cell. They also degrade damaged organelles such as a mitochondrion.

A

Lysosome

40
Q

Unique to plants, stores water, ions, and nutrients such as starch and lipids.

A

Plant vacuole

41
Q

Site of energy-yielding oxidation reactions has its own DNA

A

Mitochondrion

42
Q

Site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its own DNA

A

Chloroplast

43
Q

Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

A

Lysosomes

44
Q

Sacs that contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxided

A

Peroxisomes

45
Q

Separates the cell contents from the outside world

A

Cell membrane

46
Q

Rigid exterior layer of plant cells

A

Cell wall

47
Q

Humans and other organisms are 70% [?]

A

Water

48
Q

By mass, what atom is the most abundant element after taking out water?

A

Carbon - followed by nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

49
Q

What are the most abundant metal elements?

A

Calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium

50
Q

Which biological macromolecule serve as structural components, catalysts, and signaling molecules?

A

Proteins

51
Q

[?] is an example of a nucleotide

A

Adenosine triphosphate

52
Q

What are the two major types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid

53
Q

Used to convert genetic information into protein.

A

RNA

54
Q

Permanent storage of information.

A

DNA

55
Q

An example of an amphipathic molecule?

A

Lipids

56
Q

Lipids are also sources of fuel. The acyl chain can be converted to [?], a major source of energy

A

Acetyl-coA

57
Q

Which macromolecule is a source of fuel, regulates biologically functions such as intercellular signaling, and structural such as cellulose

A

Carbohydrates

58
Q

Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller precursors and requires energy (ATP/NADPH)

A

Anabolism

59
Q

Larger molecules degraded to smaller products and yields energy (ATP/NADH)

A

Catabolism

60
Q

Production of new DNA during cell division

A

Replication

61
Q

Production of RNA from DNA template

A

Transcription

62
Q

Production of protein from RNA template and matches amino acid with RNA codon

A

Translation

63
Q

Sugar is stored as [?] in animals. In plants it is stored as [?]

A

Glycogen; starch

64
Q

Many biomolecules exist as polymers. Which of the following polymer(s) contains multiple branch points?

DNA
RNA
Glycogen
Proteins
Both RNA and glycogen
A

Glycogen

65
Q

During transcription, which of the following is NOT found associated with the RNA polymerase at some point during the process?

The DNA double helix
Single stranded RNA
The RNA-RNA hybrid helix

A

The RNA-RNA hybrid helix

66
Q

When considering the chemical structure of ATP, which of the following statements is true?

It contains two phosphate groups
It contains six carbon sugar ring
It contains the base, adenine
It has a formal positive charge

A

It contains the base, adenine

67
Q

Which of the following statements is true of lipids, but not true for proteins or nucleic acids?

They have a typical molecular weight of 1300
They contain a hydrophilic hydrocarbon tail
They are monomers
They can act as signaling molecules
They are monomers and act as signaling molecules

A

They have a typical molecular weight of 1300

68
Q

Cell-to-cell interactions are often dependent on unique [?] on the cell surfaces.

Lipid hydrocarbons
Amino acid monomers
Carbohydrates
All of the above
None of the above
A

Carbohydrates

69
Q

Which of the following statements is true of BOTH DNA replication and DNA translation?

During the process, the DNA double helix is separated into single-stranded regions.
During the process, only one single-stranded DNA region acts as a template.
An intermediate in the process is an RNA-DNA hybrid helix.
None of the above
Both the first and second answers are true.

A

During the process, the DNA double helix is separated into single-stranded regions.

70
Q

Which of the following does not contain a double membrane?

An mitochondrion
An nucleus
An prokaryote
An endosome

A

An endosome

Biochemistry (8 decks)

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