Chapter 1: Biochemistry and the Unity of Life Flashcards
How many amino acids construct proteins?
20
Amino acids are linked together via
Peptide bonds
List few of the functions of proteins
Acts as a receptor, signal molecules, structural roles, mobility, provides defenses against external environment, enhances the rate of chemical reactions (enzyme).
Which major biological molecule stores and transfers information?
Nucleic acids
How many monomers construct nucleic acids?
Four
What are the monomers called that construct nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What is a nucleotide composed of?
Five-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose / Ribose), base, and at least one phosphate
Nucleotides are linked together via
phosphodiester linkage
The information content of DNA is the sequence of
Nucleotides
What are the four bases DNA is composed of
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
Is RNA single or double stranded?
Single stranded
Which RNA is a template for synthesis of proteins?
mRNA
What is RNA’s pentose sugar?
Ribose
What is RNA’s substitute for the base, thymine?
Uracil
Biochemistry
The study of the molecular basis of life
Living organisms are composed of highly organized cells
True
Living organisms require a constant source of energy
True
Living organisms use regulated chemical reactions to maintain life
True
Certain fundamental pathways are found in many organisms
True
Instructions for life are encoded in which macromolecule
Nucleic acids
What is impermeable to most biomolecules (polar and large)
The plasma membrane
What gives the plasma membrane a selective permeability trait?
Proteins that permit entry and exit of molecules and information in/out of the cell
What is the cell wall composed of?
Cellulose
Where are cell walls found?
Plants
Cellulose is a polymer of..
Glucose
The cytoplasm is organized by a series of structural filaments (proteins) known as
The cytoskeleton
What are the three filaments that compose the cytoskeleton?
Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processes are located where in the cell?
The nucleus
90% of energy used by the cell is generated by which organelle?
Mitochondrion
What is photosynthesis and where does it occur?
Photosynthesis is the conversion of solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
Which endoplasmic reticulum processes exogenous chemicals such as alcohol / drugs?
Smooth ER
Which endoplasmic reticulum is embedded with ribosomes?
Rough ER
What is the name of the vesicle that buds of the Rough ER that contains the modified protein that will be transferred to the Golgi complex?
Transport vesicle
What organelle is a series of stacked membranes that play a role in modification of proteins (attaches carbs)
Golgi complex
Budding off from the Golgi complex and towards the cell membrane are known as which type of vesicle?
Secretory vesicles (granules)
Secretory vesicles (granules) secrete biomolecules by
exocytosis
Bringing biomolecules (Iron, vitamins, cholesterols, etc.) into the cell is known as
Endocytosis
The process of large amounts of material taken into the cell is known as
Phagocytosis
Contains digestive enzymes and bud off the Golgi complex and fuses with endosomes to digest materials brought into the cell. They also degrade damaged organelles such as a mitochondrion.
Lysosome
Unique to plants, stores water, ions, and nutrients such as starch and lipids.
Plant vacuole
Site of energy-yielding oxidation reactions has its own DNA
Mitochondrion
Site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its own DNA
Chloroplast
Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
Lysosomes
Sacs that contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxided
Peroxisomes
Separates the cell contents from the outside world
Cell membrane
Rigid exterior layer of plant cells
Cell wall
Humans and other organisms are 70% [?]
Water
By mass, what atom is the most abundant element after taking out water?
Carbon - followed by nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen
What are the most abundant metal elements?
Calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium
Which biological macromolecule serve as structural components, catalysts, and signaling molecules?
Proteins
[?] is an example of a nucleotide
Adenosine triphosphate
What are the two major types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid
Used to convert genetic information into protein.
RNA
Permanent storage of information.
DNA
An example of an amphipathic molecule?
Lipids
Lipids are also sources of fuel. The acyl chain can be converted to [?], a major source of energy
Acetyl-coA
Which macromolecule is a source of fuel, regulates biologically functions such as intercellular signaling, and structural such as cellulose
Carbohydrates
Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller precursors and requires energy (ATP/NADPH)
Anabolism
Larger molecules degraded to smaller products and yields energy (ATP/NADH)
Catabolism
Production of new DNA during cell division
Replication
Production of RNA from DNA template
Transcription
Production of protein from RNA template and matches amino acid with RNA codon
Translation
Sugar is stored as [?] in animals. In plants it is stored as [?]
Glycogen; starch
Many biomolecules exist as polymers. Which of the following polymer(s) contains multiple branch points?
DNA RNA Glycogen Proteins Both RNA and glycogen
Glycogen
During transcription, which of the following is NOT found associated with the RNA polymerase at some point during the process?
The DNA double helix
Single stranded RNA
The RNA-RNA hybrid helix
The RNA-RNA hybrid helix
When considering the chemical structure of ATP, which of the following statements is true?
It contains two phosphate groups
It contains six carbon sugar ring
It contains the base, adenine
It has a formal positive charge
It contains the base, adenine
Which of the following statements is true of lipids, but not true for proteins or nucleic acids?
They have a typical molecular weight of 1300
They contain a hydrophilic hydrocarbon tail
They are monomers
They can act as signaling molecules
They are monomers and act as signaling molecules
They have a typical molecular weight of 1300
Cell-to-cell interactions are often dependent on unique [?] on the cell surfaces.
Lipid hydrocarbons Amino acid monomers Carbohydrates All of the above None of the above
Carbohydrates
Which of the following statements is true of BOTH DNA replication and DNA translation?
During the process, the DNA double helix is separated into single-stranded regions.
During the process, only one single-stranded DNA region acts as a template.
An intermediate in the process is an RNA-DNA hybrid helix.
None of the above
Both the first and second answers are true.
During the process, the DNA double helix is separated into single-stranded regions.
Which of the following does not contain a double membrane?
An mitochondrion
An nucleus
An prokaryote
An endosome
An endosome
