Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Chapter 1 Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Aqueous solution of cytosol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Hydrophobic barrier of lipids and proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nucleus

A

Complete set of genes is replicated and stored, has nuclear membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis (processing and packaging of proteins) from an RNA messenger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell Envelope

A

A single or double membrane with a thick, rigid layer of peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on its outside surface. Found in bacterial and archaeal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pili

A

Provide adhesion points for bacterial/archaeal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleoid

A

Contain one or several long, circular DNA molecules. Found in bacterial/archaeal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Flagella (Function)

A

Propel cell through its surroundings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peptidoglycan (2 Functions)

A

Responsible for shape of cell and gram negative/positive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Microorganisms (Description)

A

Single celled, smallest organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Multicellular Organisms (Description)

A

Larger, many types of cells that vary in shape, size, and function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bacteria (Habitat)

A

Inhabit soils, surface waters, tissues of living/decaying organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Archaea (Habitat)

A

Extreme environments (hot springs, acid bogs, ocean depths).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phototrophs

A

Trap and use sunlight (energy for electron transfer through light).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Autotrophs

A

Can synthesize all of their biomolecules directly from CO2 (producers). Subcategory of phototrophs/chemotrophs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Derive energy from oxidation of a chemical fuel (Fe2+ to Fe3+). (Energy for electron transfer through breaking chemical bonds).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Require some preformed organic nutrients made by other organisms (consumers). Subcategory of phototrophs/chemotrophs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

E.Coli

A

2 micrometers long and 1 micrometer in diameter. Protective outer layer and inner plasma membrane. Peptidoglycan layer in-between these two layers. Gram negative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aerobic

A

Plentiful supply of O2; organisms transfer electrons from fuel to O2 for energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anaerobic

A

Devoid of O2; organisms transfer electrons to nitrate, sulfate, or CO2 for energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Die when exposed to O2. Subdivision of anaerobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can live with or without O2. Subdivision of anaerobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Subcellular Fractionation of Tissue (Definition)

A

Method of separating organelles from the cytosol and from each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Subcellular Fractionation of Tissue (Steps)

A
  1. Rupture the plasma membrane of tissue sample so internal components spill out and mix together. 2. Centrifuge/spin the sample at a high rate of speed (Differential Centrifugation). 3. Depending on the speed, organelles will sort themselves in the tube based on their size and density.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Granules/Droplets

A

Contain stored nutrients such as starch and fat. Found in eukaryotic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, membrane bound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum/Golgi Complexes

A

Play central roles in the synthesis and processing of lipids and membrane proteins. Membrane bound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

3 Domains of Life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Microorganims (Size)

A

1 micrometer in length, 0.020 micrometer diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of the most energy-extracting reactions of the cell, oxidative phosphorylation (generates ATP by utilizing the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat), membrane bound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lysosomes

A

Filled with digestive enzymes that degrade intracellular debris, membrane bound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Segregates specific metabolic processes and provides surfaces on which certain enzyme-catalyzed reactions occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Endocytosis

A

Mechanism of transport into the cell involving membrane fission. Cell takes in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle (i.e. cholesterol).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Exocytosis

A

Mechanism of transport out of the cell involving membrane fusion. Cell releases intracellular substances by merging vesicular membrane into the cell membrane (i.e. proteins, neurotransmitters).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Supramolecular Structures

A

Cells use a relatively small set of carbon-based metabolites to create polymeric machines, supramolecular structures, and information repositories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Supramolecular Structures (Bonding)

A

Held together by non covalent interactions (hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, van der Waals interactions, and the hydrophobic effect).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

LQ: Differential centrifugation is based on the differences in sedimentation rate of biological particles of different ________.
A) Density
B) Size and Density
C) Size
D) Structure

A

B) Size and Density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

LQ: Which organelle is found in both plants and animal cells?
A) Starch Granule
B) Chloroplast
C) Mitochondria
D) Glyoxysome

A

C) Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

LQ: You discover a new single-celled organism in a salt lake. Subsequent laboratory experiments reveal that the organism can live in the presence or absence of oxygen. This organism would most likely be classified as:
A) An obligate anaerobe in the Bacterial domain.
B) An obligate anaerobe in the Archaeal domain.
C) A facultative anaerobe in the Archaeal domain.
D) A facultative anaerobe in the Bacterial domain.

A

C) A facultative anaerobe in the Archaeal domain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

LQ: Cyanobacteria are:
A) Photoautotrophs
B) Chemoautotrophs
C) Photoheterotrophs
D) Chemoheterotrophs

A

A) Photoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

LQ: Humans are which of the following?
A) Photoautotrophs
B) Chemoautotrophs
C) Photoheterotrophs
D) Chemoheterotrophs

A

D) Chemoheterotrophs

41
Q

Cytoskeleton (Function)

A

Internal transportation system, shuttling material throughout the cell.

42
Q

Cytoskeleton (Fibers)

A

Actin Filaments (Microfilaments), Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments

43
Q

Cytoskeleton (Definition)

A

3D network of protein filaments in eukaryotic cells.

44
Q

Describe the 3 types of supramolecular complexes, macromolecules, and their monomeric units sourced from a plant cell/organelles.

A

Chromatin - DNA - Nucleotides.
Plasma Membrane - Protein - Amino Acids.
Cell Wall - Cellulose - Sugars.

45
Q

In Vitro (Definition/Example)

A

“In Glass,” without interference from other molecules present in the intact cell (i.e. observing the effects of antibiotics on a cell in a petri dish).

46
Q

In Vivo (Definition/Example)

A

“In the Living,” In a live organism (i.e. observing the effects of antibiotics when injected into a rat).

47
Q

4 Most Abundant Elements in Living Organisms:

A

H, N, O, C

48
Q

Carbon (Properties)

A

Can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds. Classic tetrahedral arrangement of four single bonds (free rotation around each single bond). Limited rotation around the axis of a double bond.

49
Q

Polyfunctional

A

Contains 2 or more types of functional groups.

50
Q

Central Metabolites

A

Occur in nearly every cell and are trapped in the cell because the plasma membrane is impermeable to them (i.e. common amino acids, nucleotides, sugars and their phosphorylated derivatives, mono-di-tri-carboxylic acids).

51
Q

Secondary Metabolites

A

Specific to the organism. May hinder growth or function if taken away but would not kill organism (i.e. gives plants their scent and color).

52
Q

Metabolome/Metabolomics

A

Entire collection of small molecules in a given cell under a specific set of conditions.

53
Q

Macromolecules

A

Polymers with molecular weights above ~5,000 Da that are assembled from relatively simple precursors (i.e. proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids).

54
Q

Oligomers

A

Shorter polymers (a few monomer units).

55
Q

Informational Macromolecules

A

Name for proteins, nucleic acids, and some oligosaccharides given their information-rich subunit sequences (many times these carry genetic information).

56
Q

Biomolecules (5)

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, High Energy Compounds

57
Q

Proteins

A

Long polymers of amino acids. Function an enzymes, structural elements, signal receptors, transporters.

58
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA. Polymers of nucleotides. Store and transmit genetic information. Some RNA molecules have structural and catalytic roles in supramolecular complexes.

59
Q

Genome

A

Entire sequence of a cell’s DNA or RNA.

60
Q

Genomics

A

The characterization of the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.

61
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of simple sugars. Energy rich fuel stores. Rigid structural components of cell walls (in plants and bacteria). Extracellular recognition elements that bind to proteins on other cells.

62
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Shorter polymers of sugars.

63
Q

Glycome

A

Entire complement of carbohydrate-containing molecules.

64
Q

Lipids

A

Water-insoluable hydrocarbon derivatives. Structural component of membranes (i.e. plasma membrane). Energy rich fuel stores. Pigments (i.e. colors in birds). Intracellular signals.

65
Q

Lipidome

A

The lipid containing molecules in a cell.

66
Q
A
66
Q

Stereospecificity

A

Ability to distinguish between stereoisomers.

67
Q

LQ: Supramolecular complexes, such as chromatin, are held together by:
A) Covalent bonds between monomeric units.
B) Noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds.
C) Covalent bonds between macromolecules.
D) Interactions between the cytoskeleton and organelles.

A

B) Noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds.

68
Q

LQ: Important functional groups in biomolecules include:
A) Lipids
B) Thioesters
C) Nucleic Acids
D) Carbons

A

B) Thioesters

69
Q

LQ: Proteins are classified as macromolecules because they:
A) Can associate noncovalently into very large structures.
B) Are polymers with molecular weights above ~5,000 Da.
C) Can function as enzymes, structural elements, signal receptors, or transporters.
D) Are composed of multiple oligomers.

A

B) Are polymers with molecular weights above ~5,000 Da.

70
Q

LQ: What nucleobase is not present in DNA?
A) Cytosine
B) Adenine
C) Guanine
D) Uracil

A

D) Uracil

71
Q

LQ: A living organism is a(n):
A) Isolated System
B) Closed System
C) Open System
D) Universe

A

C) Open System

72
Q

LQ: Molecules that differ in configuration cannot be:
A) Stereoisomers
B) Cis-Trans Isomers
C) Chiral centers that are mirror images of each other.
D) Chiral centers that can be interchanged by rotation of a single bond.

A

D) Chiral centers that can be interchanged by rotation of a single bond.

73
Q

Enantiomers:
A) Are only associated with amino acids.
B) Can be specific types of diastereomers.
C) Are always designated D or L.
D) Can exist for molecules with more than one chiral carbon.

A

D) Can exist for molecules with more than one chiral carbon.

74
Q

System

A

All the constituent reactants and products, the solvent that contains them, and the immediate atmosphere.

75
Q

Universe

A

System and its surroundings.

76
Q

Isolated System

A

System exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings (i.e. bomb calorimeter, closed thermos bottle).

77
Q

Closed System

A

System exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings (i.e. earth, bag of ice on an injury).

78
Q

Open System

A

Exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings (i.e. human, automobile engine).

79
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, although the form of energy may change.

80
Q

Disequilibrim of Living Cells

A

Living cells maintain themselves in a dynamic steady state distant from equilibrium, which requires the constant investment of energy. Small molecules, macromolecules, and supramolecular complexes are continuously synthesized and broken down.
Reasoning: A system at equilibrium cannot perform work and a system in a steady state has a higher level of energy than its surroundings.

81
Q

Photoautotrophs (Energy)

A

During photosynthesis, the light-driven splitting of water releases its electrons for the reduction of CO2 and the release of O2 into the atmosphere.

82
Q

Chemotrophs (Energy)

A

Oxidize energy-rich products of photosynthesis stored in plants, then passing the electron acquired to atmosphere O2 to form water, CO2, ….

83
Q

Autotrophs/Heterotrophs (Energy)

A

Participate in global cycles of O2 and CO2, driven by sunlight, making these two groups interdependent.

84
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

A

One reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) as another is reduced (gains electrons). Describes reactions involved in electron flow.

85
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Randomness in the universe is constantly increasing (ever greater disorder).

86
Q

Entropy (S)

A

Represents the randomness or disorder of the components of a chemical system.

87
Q

What is required for the synthesis of macromolecules from their monomeric units?

A

Free Energy (G)

88
Q

Enthalpy (H)

A

Heat Content, roughly reflecting the number and kinds of bonds.

89
Q

Free Energy (G) (Closed System - Equation)

A

G = H-TS (T = absolute temperature)

90
Q

Configuration

A

The fixed spatial arrangement of atoms.

91
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Molecules with the same chemical bonds and same chemical formula.

92
Q

Stereospecific

A

Requiring specific conformations in the interacting molecules.

93
Q

Geometric Isomers / Cis-Trans Isomers

A

Differ in the arrangement of substituent groups with respect to the double bond.

94
Q

Chiral Centers

A

Asymmetric Carbons (A molecule can have 2^n stereoisomers, where n is the number of chiral carbons).

95
Q

Enantiomers

A

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other. Have nearly identical chemical reactivities, but differ in optical activity.

96
Q

Diastereoisomers

A

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.

97
Q

Racemic Mixture

A

Equimolar solution of two enantiomers. Shows no optical rotation.

98
Q

Conformation

A

The spatial arrangement of substituent groups that are free to assume different positions in space.

Biochemistry (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions