Chapter 1 Basic Concepts

Question 1

Logic

Answer 1

the study of methods for evaluating whether the premises of an argument adequately support its conclusion

Question 2

Argument

Answer 2

a set of statements that support eachother

Question 3

Statement

Answer 3

sentence that is either true or false

Question 4

Deductive Argument

Answer 4

one in which the premises aim to guarantee the conclusion

Question 5

Inductive Argument

Answer 5

one in which the premises aim to make the conclusion probable

Question 6

Valid Argument

Answer 6

one in which it is necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true

Question 7

Invalid Argument

Answer 7

one in which it is not necessary that, if the premises are true, the conclusion is true

Question 8

Sound Argument

Answer 8

a valid argument in which all of the premises are true

Question 9

Unsound Argument

Answer 9

one that either is invalid or has at least one fals premise

Question 10

Modus Ponens

Answer 10

1) if A, then B 2) A So, 3) B

Question 11

Modus Tollens

Answer 11

1) if A, then B 2) Not B So, 3) Not A

Question 12

Hypothetical Syllogism

Answer 12

1) if A, then B 2) if B, then C 3) C So, 4) if A, then C

Question 13

Disjunctive Syllogism

Answer 13

1) Either A or B 2) Not A So, 3) Not B

Question 14

Constructive Dilemma

Answer 14

1) Either A or B 2) if A, then C 3) if B then D So, 4) Either C or D

Question 15

Argument Form

Answer 15

a pattern of reasoning

Question 16

Substitution Instance

Answer 16

an argument that results from uniformly replacing variables in that form with statements

Question 17

Valid Argument Form

Answer 17

one in which every substitution instance is a valid argument

Question 18

Formally Valid Argument

Answer 18

one that is valid by virtue of its form

Question 19

Negation

Answer 19

the negation of a statement is its denial

Question 20

Conditional

Answer 20

an “if-then” statement”

Question 21

Antecedent

Answer 21

the “if”-clause of a conditional

Question 22

Consequent

Answer 22

the “then”-clause of a conditional

Question 23

Disjunct

Answer 23

an either-or statement

Question 24

Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent

Answer 24

1) if A then B 2) not A So, 3) Not B

Question 25

Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent

Answer 25

1) if A then B 2) B So, 3) A

Question 26

Categorical Statement

Answer 26

a statement that relates two classes or categories, where a class is a set or a collection of things

Question 27

Term

Answer 27

word or a phrase that stands for a class of things

Question 28

Some

Answer 28

“at least one”

Question 29

Good Counterexample

Answer 29

substitution instance in which the premises are well-known truths and the conclusion is a well-known falsehood

Question 30

Invalid Argument Form

Answer 30

one that has some invalid substitution instances

Question 31

Strong Argument

Answer 31

one in which it is probable (but not necessary) that, if the premises is true, then the conclusion is true

Question 32

Weak Argument

Answer 32

one in which it is not probable that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true